{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T07:09:33Z","timestamp":1789456173274,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1783468800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Lupus"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To determine factors associated with hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)-induced retinopathy in Puerto Ricans with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and to evaluate determinants of early HCQ-induced retinopathy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We conducted a retrospective study of adult Puerto Ricans with SLE. Patients with ophthalmologist-confirmed HCQ-induced retinopathy were compared with those without retinopathy. A subgroup analysis comparing patients with early-onset (\u22645\u00a0years) versus late-onset (&gt;5\u00a0years) retinopathy was also performed. Demographic factors, clinical manifestations, and pharmacologic treatments were analyzed using bivariate methods and logistic regression models adjusted for SLE duration.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A total of 279 patients were included; 41 had HCQ-induced retinopathy, while 238 did not. Among patients with HCQ-induced retinopathy, the mean age (SD) was 45.2 (13.2) years, and 90.2% were women. The mean (SD) SLE duration and HCQ treatment duration were 10.3 (7.7) years and 9.1 (5.8) years, respectively. Patients with HCQ-induced retinopathy were more likely to have higher daily and weight-adjusted HCQ doses and greater damage accrual, but were less likely to have proteinuria, lymphopenia, anti-dsDNA positivity, low complement levels or exposure to mycophenolate mofetil. Among patients with HCQ-induced retinopathy, 13 (31.7%) discontinued HCQ within 5\u00a0years of treatment initiation. In multivariable analysis, early-onset toxicity was associated with corticosteroid exposure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cohort of Puerto Rican Hispanics with SLE, HCQ-induced retinopathy occurred in 14.7% of patients, and nearly 32% of those affected developed early-onset retinopathy. Retinopathy was primarily associated with higher daily and weight-adjusted HCQ doses, while early-onset retinopathy was associated with corticosteroid exposure. These findings provide population-specific data that may help optimize HCQ dosing and underscore the importance of regular ophthalmologic screening, even during the early years of therapy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09612033261469027","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T04:21:16Z","timestamp":1783570876000},"page":"1203-1214","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Hydroxychloroquine-induced retinopathy in Puerto Ricans with systemic lupus erythematosus: Associated factors and early-onset risk"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-8553-8052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valeria","family":"Valent\u00edn-Rosa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamille","family":"Ruiz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grecia","family":"Torres-Borges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6679-2704","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis M.","family":"Vil\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2024.2315"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.10677"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.01.058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2025.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2014.3459"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/art.41121"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daftarian N Yue C Levasseur SD et al. 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