{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:20:20Z","timestamp":1777929620482,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]],"date-time":"2006-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1159660800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Stat Methods Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2006,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There is increasing evidence, mainly from daily time series studies, linking air pollution and stroke. Small area level geographical correlation studies offer another means of examining the air pollution-stroke association. Populations within small areas may be more homogeneous than those within larger areal units, and census-based socioeconomic information may be available to adjust for confounding effects. Data on smoking from health surveys may be incorporated in spatial analyses to adjust for potential confounding effects but may be sparse at the small area level. Smoothing, using data from neighbouring areas, may be used to increase the precision of smoking prevalence estimates for small areas. We examined the effect of modelled outdoor NO x levels on stroke mortality using a Bayesian hierarchical spatial model to incorporate random effects, in order to allow for unmeasured confounders and to acknowledge sampling error in the estimation of smoking prevalence. We observed an association between NO x and stroke mortality after taking into account random effects at the small area level. We found no association between smoking prevalence and stroke mortality at the small area level after modelling took into account imprecision in estimating smoking prevalence. The approach we used to incorporate smoking as a covariate in a single large model is conceptually sound, though it made little difference to the substantive results.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280206071644","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,20]],"date-time":"2017-01-20T14:12:59Z","timestamp":1484921579000},"page":"499-516","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Outdoor NO\n                    <sub>x<\/sub>\n                    and stroke mortality: adjusting for small area level smoking                 prevalence using a Bayesian approach"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Ravi","family":"Maheswaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health GIS Unit, University of Sheffield, UK,"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert P","family":"Haining","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Pearson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health GIS Unit, University of Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Law","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Brindley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Town and Regional Planning, University of Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nicola G","family":"Best","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Imperial College School of                         Medicine, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2006,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"atypb1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(53)91012-5"},{"key":"atypb2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-200105000-00017"},{"key":"atypb3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.02110187"},{"key":"atypb4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1539\/joh.45.321"},{"key":"atypb5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312093292401"},{"key":"atypb6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.159.2.9806020"},{"key":"atypb7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11280-3"},{"key":"atypb8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000108927.80044.7F"},{"key":"atypb9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.6684"},{"key":"atypb10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pu.16.050195.000425"},{"key":"atypb11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511754944"},{"key":"atypb12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203720349"},{"key":"atypb13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000101750.77547.11"},{"key":"atypb14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000151363.71221.12"},{"key":"atypb15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-3242-6"},{"key":"atypb16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-0420.00002"},{"key":"atypb17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0016-7363.2006.00680.x"},{"key":"atypb18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00116466"},{"key":"atypb19","volume-title":"Markov chain Monte Carlo in practice","author":"Mollie A.","year":"1996"},{"key":"atypb20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19970415)16:7<741::AID-SIM501>3.0.CO;2-1"},{"key":"atypb21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compenvurbsys.2004.01.001"},{"key":"atypb22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203720349.ch8"},{"key":"atypb23","volume-title":"Health and deprivation: inequalities and the North","author":"Townsend P","year":"1988"},{"key":"atypb24","first-page":"6","volume":"82","year":"1995","journal-title":"Population Trends"},{"key":"atypb25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.51.2.127"},{"key":"atypb26","unstructured":"Spiegelhalter D, Thomas A, Best N, Lunn D. 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