{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:21:07Z","timestamp":1777929667771,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]],"date-time":"2013-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1359676800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stat Methods Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The statistical analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) with multiple diseases and shared controls (SCs) is discussed. The usual method for analyzing data from these studies is to compare each individual disease with either the SCs or the pooled controls which include other diseases. We observed that applying individual association tests can be problematic because these tests may suffer from power loss in detecting significant associations between diseases and single-nucleotide polymorphism or copy number variant. We propose here a two-stage procedure wherein we first apply an overall chi-square test for multiple diseases with SCs; if the overall test is rejected, then individual tests using the chi-square partition method will be applied to each disease against SCs. A real GWAS data set with SCs and a Monte Carlo simulation study are used to demonstrate that the proposed method is more effective and preferable than other existing methods for analyzing data from GWASs with multiple diseases and SCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280212474061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]],"date-time":"2013-02-01T22:09:06Z","timestamp":1359756546000},"page":"954-967","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Testing for association in case-control genome-wide association studies with shared controls"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Zhongxue","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Indiana University Bloomington, Bloomington, IN, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanwen","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Clinical and Translational Sciences, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hon Keung Tony","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistical Science, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3001616"},{"key":"bibr2-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3001775"},{"key":"bibr3-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.200390016"},{"key":"bibr4-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/074921706000000491"},{"key":"bibr5-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.20615"},{"key":"bibr6-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000334719"},{"key":"bibr7-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1985.10478127"},{"key":"bibr8-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000064976"},{"key":"bibr9-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxm039"},{"key":"bibr10-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2009.01241.x"},{"key":"bibr11-0962280212474061","author":"Wang K","journal-title":"Biostatistics"},{"key":"bibr12-0962280212474061","unstructured":"The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC). Genome-wide association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases and 3,000 SCs.\n                      Nature\n                      2007;\n                      447\n                      : 661\u2013678."},{"key":"bibr13-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium & The Australo-Anglo-American Spondylitis Consortium (WTCCC & AAASC). Association scan of 14,500 nonsynonymous SNPs in four diseases identifies autoimmunity variants.\n                      Nat Genet\n                      2007;\n                      39\n                      : 1329\u20131337.","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2007.17"},{"key":"bibr14-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCCC). Genome-wide association study of CNVs in 16,000 cases of eight common diseases and 3,000 SCs.\n                      Nature\n                      2010;\n                      464\n                      : 713\u2013720.","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08979"},{"key":"bibr15-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/138.3.963"},{"key":"bibr16-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2540.2001.00901.x"},{"key":"bibr17-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800717"},{"key":"bibr18-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/522036"},{"key":"bibr19-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.20297"},{"key":"bibr20-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.20310"},{"key":"bibr21-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.20331"},{"key":"bibr22-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.20303"},{"key":"bibr23-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000330135"},{"key":"bibr24-0962280212474061","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gene.2012.07.089"}],"container-title":["Statistical Methods in Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0962280212474061","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0962280212474061","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0962280212474061","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T23:46:21Z","timestamp":1777679181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0962280212474061"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0962280212474061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0962280212474061","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-2802","1477-0334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-2802","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,2,1]]}}}