{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T22:33:27Z","timestamp":1790462007927,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stat Methods Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>An article published in 1998 by Andrew Wakefield in The Lancet (volume 351, pages 637\u2013641) led to concerns surrounding the safety of the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine, by associating it with an increased risk of autism. The paper was later retracted after multiple epidemiological studies failed to find any association, but a substantial decrease in UK vaccination rates was observed in the years following publication. This paper proposes a novel spatio-temporal Bayesian hierarchical model with accompanying software (the R package CARBayesST) to simultaneously address three key epidemiological questions about vaccination rates: (i) what impact did the controversy have on the overall temporal trend in vaccination rates in Scotland; (ii) did the magnitude of the spatial inequality in measles susceptibility in Scotland increase due to the measles, mumps and rubella vaccination scare; and (iii) are there any covariate effects, such as deprivation, that impacted on measles susceptibility in Scotland. The efficacy of the model is tested by simulation, before being applied to measles susceptibility data in Scotland among a series of cohorts of children who were aged 2.5\u20134.5, in September of the years 1998 to 2014.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216660420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,26]],"date-time":"2016-08-26T08:08:29Z","timestamp":1472198909000},"page":"1185-1200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["A model to estimate the impact of changes in MMR vaccine uptake on inequalities in measles susceptibility in Scotland"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Gary","family":"Napier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duncan","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Glasgow, Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Strathclyde, Scotland"},{"name":"Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland"},{"name":"International Prevention Research Institute, Lyon, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Lawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, SC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin G","family":"Pollock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Protection Scotland, Glasgow, Scotland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0962280216660420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)11096-0"},{"key":"bibr2-0962280216660420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39503.508484.80"},{"key":"bibr3-0962280216660420","first-page":"3","volume":"59","author":"Pollock K","year":"2014","journal-title":"SMJ"},{"key":"bibr4-0962280216660420","unstructured":"Public Health England.\n                      National MMR vaccination catch-up programme announced in response to increase in measles cases.\n                      Press release, https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/national-mmr-vaccination-catch-up-programme-announced-in-response-to-increase-in-measles-cases (2013, accessed 13 July 2015)."},{"key":"bibr5-0962280216660420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362361398024007"},{"key":"bibr6-0962280216660420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)01239-8"},{"key":"bibr7-0962280216660420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2006.103531"},{"key":"bibr8-0962280216660420","first-page":"389","volume-title":"Vaccines","author":"Strebel P","year":"2004","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr9-0962280216660420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780203492024"},{"key":"bibr10-0962280216660420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00116466"},{"key":"bibr11-0962280216660420","unstructured":"R Core Team.\n                      R: a language and environment for statistical computing\n                      . Vienna, Austria: R Core Team, http:\/\/www.R-project.org (2013, accessed 6 July 2016)."},{"key":"bibr12-0962280216660420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1979.10481038"},{"key":"bibr13-0962280216660420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/37.1-2.17"},{"key":"bibr14-0962280216660420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511755453"},{"key":"bibr15-0962280216660420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b11459"},{"key":"bibr16-0962280216660420","volume-title":"Statistical models in epidemiology, the environment, and clinical trials","author":"Leroux B","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr17-0962280216660420","first-page":"169","volume-title":"Bayesian statistics","author":"Geweke J","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr18-0962280216660420","first-page":"114","volume":"54","author":"Henderson R","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br J Gen Pract"},{"key":"bibr19-0962280216660420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.08.043"},{"key":"bibr20-0962280216660420","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2008.085886"}],"container-title":["Statistical Methods in Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0962280216660420","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0962280216660420","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0962280216660420","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T23:49:05Z","timestamp":1777679345000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0962280216660420"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"references-count":20,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0962280216660420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0962280216660420","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-2802","1477-0334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-2802","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}}}