{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T05:35:36Z","timestamp":1789623336843,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,2]],"date-time":"2017-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485993600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stat Methods Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The effects of predictors on time to failure may be difficult to assess in cancer studies with longer follow-up, as the commonly used assumption of proportionality of hazards holding over an extended period is often questionable. Motivated by a long-term prostate cancer clinical trial, we contrast and compare four powerful methods for estimation of the hazard rate. These four methods allow for varying degrees of smoothness as well as covariates with effects that vary over time. We pay particular attention to an extended multiresolution hazard estimator, which is a flexible, semi-parametric, Bayesian method for joint estimation of predictor effects and the hazard rate. We compare the results of the extended multiresolution hazard model to three other commonly used, comparable models: Aalen\u2019s additive model, Kooperberg\u2019s hazard regression model, and an extended Cox model. Through simulations and the analysis of a large-scale randomized prostate cancer clinical trial, we use the different methods to examine patterns of biochemical failure and to estimate the time-varying effects of androgen deprivation therapy treatment and other covariates.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216688034","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,2]],"date-time":"2017-02-02T07:52:47Z","timestamp":1486021967000},"page":"2455-2480","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Flexible modeling of the hazard rate and treatment effects in long-term survival studies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Yolanda","family":"Hagar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James J","family":"Dignam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanja","family":"Dukic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Colorado, CO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0360-3016(01)01579-6"},{"key":"bibr2-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2004.08.047"},{"key":"bibr3-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Horwitz EM, et al. Ten-year follow-up of radiation therapy oncology group protocol 92-02: a phase III trial of the duration of elective androgen deprivation in locally advanced prostate cancer.\n                      Journal of Clinical Oncology\n                      2008; 26(15): 2497\u20132504.","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.14.9021"},{"key":"bibr4-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.17.2095"},{"key":"bibr5-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28213"},{"key":"bibr6-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5114\/jcb.2013.39210"},{"key":"bibr7-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67457-5"},{"key":"bibr8-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(97)00106-4"},{"key":"bibr9-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0090-4295(99)00605-6"},{"key":"bibr10-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eururo.2008.11.005"},{"key":"bibr11-0962280216688034","first-page":"325","volume":"15","author":"Bouman P","year":"2005","journal-title":"Statistica Sinica"},{"key":"bibr12-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214506000000951"},{"key":"bibr13-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-008-0200-5"},{"key":"bibr14-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/07-BA223"},{"key":"bibr15-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10549-008-0200-5"},{"key":"bibr16-0962280216688034","author":"Chen Y","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bayesian Analysis"},{"key":"bibr17-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sam.11236"},{"key":"bibr18-0962280216688034","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr19-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780080803"},{"key":"bibr20-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4780121705"},{"key":"bibr21-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1995.10476491"},{"key":"bibr22-0962280216688034","volume-title":"Dynamic regression models for survival data","author":"Martinussen T","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr23-0962280216688034","unstructured":"Hagar Y, Chen Y and Dukic V. MRH package in R, http:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/MRH\/index.html (2014, accessed 4 January 2017)."},{"key":"bibr24-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijrobp.2006.04.029"},{"key":"bibr25-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)40211-4"},{"key":"bibr26-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199104253241702"},{"key":"bibr27-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)37401-3"},{"key":"bibr28-0962280216688034","unstructured":"Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. RTOG 9202 protocol information, www.rtog.org\/ClinicalTrials\/ProtocolTable\/StudyDetails.aspx?study=9202, 2014 (accessed 11 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr29-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.pas.0000173646.99337.b1"},{"key":"bibr30-0962280216688034","unstructured":"American Joint Committee on Cancer. What is cancer staging? http:\/\/cancerstaging.org\/references-tools\/Pages\/What-is-Cancer-Staging.aspx (accessed 1 October 2014)."},{"key":"bibr31-0962280216688034","volume-title":"Contemporary issues in prostate cancer","author":"Held-Warmkessel J","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr32-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/81.3.515"},{"key":"bibr33-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-4348-9"},{"key":"bibr34-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1997.10474077"},{"key":"bibr35-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/cbms\/1362163742"},{"key":"bibr36-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529747"},{"key":"bibr37-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529982"},{"key":"bibr38-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1981.10477634"},{"key":"bibr39-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2530346"},{"key":"bibr40-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/76.4.763"},{"key":"bibr41-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9469.t01-1-00065"},{"key":"bibr42-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-7152(02)00309-7"},{"key":"bibr43-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2007.00947.x"},{"key":"bibr44-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2011.01696.x"},{"key":"bibr45-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/66.3.429"},{"key":"bibr46-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118032985"},{"key":"bibr47-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214504000000052"},{"key":"bibr48-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2013.03.012"},{"key":"bibr49-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214506000000348"},{"key":"bibr50-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2010.09.007"},{"key":"bibr51-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2008.01166.x"},{"key":"bibr52-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176342752"},{"key":"bibr53-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176348767"},{"key":"bibr54-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9469.00067"},{"key":"bibr55-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214502388618843"},{"key":"bibr56-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214506000000384"},{"key":"bibr57-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asp014"},{"key":"bibr58-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2010.01468.x"},{"key":"bibr59-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/09-AOS755"},{"key":"bibr60-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9469.2011.00761.x"},{"key":"bibr61-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TPAMI.1984.4767596"},{"key":"bibr62-0962280216688034","first-page":"549","volume":"17","author":"Kom\u00e1rek A","year":"2007","journal-title":"Statistica Sinica"},{"key":"bibr63-0962280216688034","unstructured":"Kom\u00e1rek A. bayessurv package in R, http:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/bayesSurv\/bayesSurv.pdf (2015, accessed 4 January 2017)."},{"key":"bibr64-0962280216688034","unstructured":"Jara A, Hanson T, Quintana F, et\u00a0al. Dppackage package in R. cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/DPpackage\/DPpackage.pdf (2012, accessed 4 January 2017)."},{"key":"bibr65-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/92.1.1"},{"key":"bibr66-0962280216688034","volume-title":"Counting processes and survival analysis","author":"Fleming T","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr67-0962280216688034","first-page":"97","volume":"12","author":"Andersen P","year":"1985","journal-title":"Scand J Stat"},{"key":"bibr68-0962280216688034","unstructured":"Therneau TM. A package for survival analysis in s, http:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=survival (accessed 4 January 2017)."},{"key":"bibr69-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aos\/1176344136"},{"key":"bibr70-0962280216688034","unstructured":"Kooperberg C. polspline: polynomial spline routines. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/polspline\/index.html, 2016 (accessed 4 January 2017)."},{"key":"bibr71-0962280216688034","unstructured":"Scheike T. timereg package in R. http:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/timereg\/timereg.pdf (2014, accessed 4 January 2017)."},{"key":"bibr72-0962280216688034","volume-title":"Evaluating the accuracy of sampling-based approaches to calculating posterior moments in Bayesian Statistics 4","author":"Geweke J","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr73-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1177011136"},{"key":"bibr74-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10618600.1998.10474787"},{"key":"bibr75-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2530374"},{"key":"bibr76-0962280216688034","first-page":"716","volume":"19","author":"Akaike H","year":"1974","journal-title":"IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell"},{"key":"bibr77-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729694"},{"key":"bibr78-0962280216688034","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1958.10501452"}],"container-title":["Statistical Methods in Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0962280216688034","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0962280216688034","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0962280216688034","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T23:49:44Z","timestamp":1777679384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0962280216688034"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,2]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0962280216688034"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0962280216688034","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-2802","1477-0334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-2802","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,2]]}}}