{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,4]],"date-time":"2025-03-04T05:50:06Z","timestamp":1741067406021,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716163200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000072","name":"National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R03DE030502-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R03DE030502-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000072","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stat Methods Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> In many cluster-correlated data analyses, informative cluster size poses a challenge that can potentially introduce bias in statistical analyses. Different methodologies have been introduced in statistical literature to address this bias. In this study, we consider a complex form of informativeness where the number of observations corresponding to latent levels of a unit-level continuous covariate within a cluster is associated with the response variable. This type of informativeness has not been explored in prior research. We present a novel test statistic designed to evaluate the effect of the continuous covariate while accounting for the presence of informativeness. The covariate induces a continuum of latent subgroups within the clusters, and our test statistic is formulated by aggregating values from an established statistic that accounts for informative subgroup sizes when comparing group-specific marginal distributions. Through carefully designed simulations, we compare our test with four traditional methods commonly employed in the analysis of cluster-correlated data. Only our test maintains the size across all data-generating scenarios with informativeness. We illustrate the proposed method to test for marginal associations in periodontal data with this distinctive form of informativeness. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09622802241254196","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T11:19:03Z","timestamp":1716203943000},"page":"1264-1277","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Testing for marginal covariate effect when the subgroup size induced by the covariate is informative"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3323-2655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel","family":"Anyaso-Samuel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4381-1842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Somnath","family":"Datta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09622802241254196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/88.4.1121"},{"key":"bibr2-09622802241254196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-0420.00005"},{"key":"bibr3-09622802241254196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2010.01542.x"},{"key":"bibr4-09622802241254196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12447"},{"key":"bibr5-09622802241254196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.4368"},{"key":"bibr6-09622802241254196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00362-013-0504-3"},{"key":"bibr7-09622802241254196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12456"},{"key":"bibr8-09622802241254196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.13050"},{"key":"bibr9-09622802241254196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/jop.1990.61.8.521"},{"key":"bibr10-09622802241254196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/73.1.13"},{"key":"bibr11-09622802241254196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529876"},{"key":"bibr12-09622802241254196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/jasa.2009.0116"},{"key":"bibr13-09622802241254196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6277"},{"key":"bibr14-09622802241254196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.12151"},{"key":"bibr15-09622802241254196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280216669184"},{"key":"bibr16-09622802241254196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/ss\/1009213286"},{"key":"bibr17-09622802241254196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6817"},{"key":"bibr18-09622802241254196","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2022-024"},{"key":"bibr19-09622802241254196","unstructured":"Blazer DG, George LK. 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