{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T18:07:46Z","timestamp":1792260466878,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740700800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007313","name":"University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Dr. Mien-Chie Hung and Mrs. Kinglan Hung Endowed P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Dr. Mien-Chie Hung and Mrs. Kinglan Hung Endowed P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007313","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007313","name":"University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Multidisciplinary Research Program Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Multidisciplinary Research Program Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007313","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5P50CA10063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5P50CA10063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01CA272806"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA272806"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DK117209"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DK117209"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R03NS108136"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R03NS108136"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01CA253911"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01CA253911"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U54CA096300"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U54CA096300"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stat Methods Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>With the advancement of medical treatments, many historically incurable diseases have become curable. An accurate estimation of the cure rates is of great interest. When there are no clear biomarker indicators for cure, the estimation of cure rate is intertwined with and influenced by the specification of hazard functions for uncured patients. Consequently, the commonly used proportional hazards (PH) assumption, when violated, may lead to biased cure rate estimation. Meanwhile, longitudinal biomarker measurements for individual patients are usually available. To accommodate non-PH functions and incorporate individual longitudinal biomarker trajectories, we propose a new joint model for cure, survival, and longitudinal data, with hazard ratios between different covariate subgroups flexibly varying over time. The proposed joint model has individual random effects shared between its longitudinal and cure-survival submodels. The regression parameters are estimated by maximization of the non-parametric likelihood via the Monte Carlo expectation-maximization algorithm. The standard error estimation applies a jackknife resampling method. In simulation studies, we consider crossing and non-crossing survival curves, and the proposed model provides unbiased estimates for the cure rates. Our proposed joint cure model is illustrated via a study of chronic myeloid leukemia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09622802251320793","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]],"date-time":"2025-02-28T03:52:54Z","timestamp":1740714774000},"page":"683-700","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A new cure model accounting for longitudinal data and flexible patterns of hazard ratios over time"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4170-1247","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Can","family":"Xie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1192-9336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xuelin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3595-4392","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruosha","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas J","family":"Short","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kapil N","family":"Bhalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-016-0212-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-statistics-030718-105048"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.25.0654"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","article-title":"Mixture cure model for estimating short-term and long-term colorectal cancer survival","volume":"12","author":"Amanpour F","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amanpour F, Akbari S, Azizmohammad Looha M, et al. Mixture cure model for estimating short-term and long-term colorectal cancer survival. Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench 2019; 12: S37\u2013S43.","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol Bed Bench"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","article-title":"Cure models, survival probabilities, and solid organ transplantation for patients with colorectal cancer","volume":"1600","author":"Engels EA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Engels EA, Mandal S, Corley DA, et al. Cure models, survival probabilities, and solid organ transplantation for patients with colorectal cancer. Am J Transplant 2024; S1600-6135: 00527-6.","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/ijb-2021-0012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10985-011-9213-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.13.8107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.46.6615"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1949.tb00020.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/2420"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-statistics-031017-100101"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429032301"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2529885"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029400300302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0258(19980430)17:8<813::AID-SIM775>3.0.CO;2-#"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/79.3.531"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1260"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/jasa.2009.tm08459"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10985-009-9126-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2000.00237.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2011.01715.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9498"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10985-023-09591-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00180-023-01389-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10985-023-09613-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2001.00844.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2533675"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.987"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7597"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/jasa.2009.tm07494"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/23-AOAS1741"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280219883905"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03610926.2016.1218029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280219859377"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1536867X1501500109"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2007.14.9260"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/306277a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(84)90077-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clml.2014.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/79.4.731"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/81.3.515"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/3.4.547"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","first-page":"835","article-title":"Joint longitudinal-survival-cure models and their application to prostate cancer","volume":"14","author":"Yu M","year":"2004","unstructured":"Yu M, Law NJ, Taylor JMG, et al. Joint longitudinal-survival-cure models and their application to prostate cancer. Stat Sin 2004; 14: 835\u2013862.","journal-title":"Stat Sin"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214507000000400"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6175"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pst.2082"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280219853599"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","first-page":"72","article-title":"Latent gaussian approach to joint modelling of longitudinal and mixture cure outcomes","volume":"4","author":"Ekong AH","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ekong AH, Olayiwola MO, Dawodu AG, et al. Latent gaussian approach to joint modelling of longitudinal and mixture cure outcomes. Comput J Math Stat Sci 2025; 4: 72\u201395.","journal-title":"Comput J Math Stat Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-0420.00079"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cjs.11127"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15598608.2013.772036"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Joint analysis of longitudinal ordinal categorical item response data and survival times with cure fraction","author":"Chi M","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chi M, Wang X, Song H, et al. Joint analysis of longitudinal ordinal categorical item response data and survival times with cure fraction. Stat Biopharm Res 2023; 1\u201311.","journal-title":"Stat Biopharm Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmva.2004.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2005.00448.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v035.i09"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v072.i07"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3318737"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/61.2.383"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/01622145030000001007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1198\/016214505000001122"}],"container-title":["Statistical Methods in Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09622802251320793","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09622802251320793","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09622802251320793","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T15:39:21Z","timestamp":1767627561000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09622802251320793"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09622802251320793"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09622802251320793","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-2802","1477-0334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-2802","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,28]]}}}