{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T08:51:15Z","timestamp":1791449475207,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774569600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010665","name":"H2020 Marie Sk\u0142odowska-Curie Actions","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stat Methods Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Cure models are a class of survival models used to analyze time-to-event data that allow the possibility that the event never occurs for a certain percentage\n                    <jats:inline-formula>\n                      <mml:math xmlns:mml=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1998\/Math\/MathML\" display=\"inline\" overflow=\"scroll\">\n                        <mml:mn>1<\/mml:mn>\n                        <mml:mo>\u2212<\/mml:mo>\n                        <mml:mi>p<\/mml:mi>\n                      <\/mml:math>\n                    <\/jats:inline-formula>\n                    , of the population. These methods allow for direct modelling of the cure rate and the influence of covariates on this rate. A common goal is to test whether the cure rate depends on a specific covariate or a set of covariates. The availability of methods to test the effect of covariates on the cure rate is limited in the literature. This paper proposes nonparametric hypothesis tests for the effect of covariates on the cure probability based on the martingale difference correlation. Two methods are used to approximate the null distribution of the test statistic: A permutation test and a chi-square test. The methodology is further extended to the case of two covariates using the partial martingale difference correlation. The performance of the proposed tests is evaluated through a simulation study under various scenarios, and the method is applied to a dataset on rheumatoid arthritis patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09622802261421453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]],"date-time":"2026-03-27T14:44:22Z","timestamp":1774622662000},"page":"887-911","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Covariate hypothesis tests for the cure rate in mixture cure models based on martingale difference correlation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5856-5432","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Blanca E","family":"Monroy-Castillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CITIC, University of A Coru\u00f1a"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7000-9623","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Amalia J\u00e1come","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mathematics, MODES group, Faculty of Science, CITIC, University of A Coru\u00f1a, A Coru\u00f1a, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8304-687X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ricardo","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITIC, University of A Coru\u00f1a"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8827-7642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ingrid","family":"Van Keilegom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KU Leuven"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429032301"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-statistics-031017-100101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/24-SS147"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-9473(02)00185-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/19-AOS1889"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.8530"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1994.10476889"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2007.00589.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asy058"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/009053607000000505"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"2075","article-title":"Kernel methods for measuring independence","volume":"6","author":"Gretton A","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gretton A, Herbrich R, Smola A, et\u00a0al. Kernel methods for measuring independence. J Mach Learn Res 2005; 6: 2075\u20132129.","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/ass070"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.2014.887012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7014"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2532714"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2001.00282.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.202000173"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09622802221115880"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10985-023-09591-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biostatistics\/kxu002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2017.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.201800269"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/biom.13470"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","first-page":"21","article-title":"npcure: An R package for nonparametric inference in mixture cure models","volume":"13","author":"L\u00f3pez-Cheda A","year":"2021","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Cheda A, J\u00e1come MA, L\u00f3pez-de Ullibarri I. npcure: An R package for nonparametric inference in mixture cure models. R Journal 2021; 13: 21\u201341.","journal-title":"R Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/14-AOS1255"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/15-EJS1047"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10485252.2021.1941951"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","volume-title":"The energy of data and distance correlation","author":"Sz\u00e9kely GJ","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sz\u00e9kely GJ, Rizzo ML. The energy of data and distance correlation. New York: Chapman and Hall\/CRC, 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00401706.2015.1054435"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/17-AOS1548"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/asaa080"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11749-016-0515-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cjs.11197"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1958.10501452"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1541-0420.2011.01715.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","first-page":"585","article-title":"A kernel statistical test of independence","volume":"20","author":"Gretton A","year":"2008","unstructured":"Gretton A, Fukumizu K, Teo C, et\u00a0al. A kernel statistical test of independence. Adv Neural Inf Process Syst 2008; 20: 585\u2013592.","journal-title":"Adv Neural Inf Process Syst"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/rssb.12235"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sta4.364"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10618600.2021.1938585"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria 2025. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin Z Yao S Matteson DS et\u00a0al. EDMeasure: Energy-Based Dependence Measures. R package version 1.2 2018.","DOI":"10.32614\/CRAN.package.EDMeasure"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","volume-title":"MDCcure: Martingale Dependence Tools and Testing for Mixture Cure Models","author":"Monroy-Castillo BE","unstructured":"Monroy-Castillo BE, J\u00e1come MA, Cao R, et\u00a0al. MDCcure: Martingale Dependence Tools and Testing for Mixture Cure Models2025b. DOI: 10.32614\/CRAN.package.MDCcure. R package version 0.1.0."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2025.109131"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","first-page":"1245","article-title":"Diagnosis and management of rheumatoid arthritis","volume":"84","author":"Wasserman AM","year":"2011","unstructured":"Wasserman AM. Diagnosis and management of rheumatoid arthritis. Am Fam Physician 2011; 84: 1245\u20131252.","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1759720X17720366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bimj.202400033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-024-05940-x"}],"container-title":["Statistical Methods in Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09622802261421453","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09622802261421453","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09622802261421453","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T08:06:10Z","timestamp":1791446770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09622802261421453"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09622802261421453"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09622802261421453","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-2802","1477-0334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-2802","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,27]]}}}