{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T20:10:15Z","timestamp":1789071015641,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784073600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stat Methods Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Mediation analysis is a powerful tool for exploring the causal relationships between exposures and outcomes that are mediated by intermediate variables. In this paper, we propose a flexible Bayesian mediation analysis framework to accommodate zero-inflated mediators, compatible with a wide range of outcome distributions. This novel technique employs Bayesian models for both the mediator and the outcome, utilizing Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithms for parameter estimation. While addressing the challenges posed by an excess of zeros, we further decompose the mediation effects into components influenced by either the probability of zero or the mean of the non-zero distribution in the mediator. An associated R package\n                    <jats:bold>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">mediationBayes<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:bold>\n                    (\n                    <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/jhcuibst\/mediationBayes.git\">https:\/\/github.com\/jhcuibst\/mediationBayes.git<\/jats:ext-link>\n                    ) has been developed to facilitate the application of this framework. Through comprehensive simulation studies, we demonstrate that our method outperforms alternatives in terms of the accuracy of point estimates, coverage probabilities, and the precision of the mediation effects decomposition. We further illustrate the practical applicability of our method by conducting an analysis on the REasons for Geographic And Racial Differences in Stroke Study to investigate the mediating influence of smoking pack-years on the association between educational levels and incident hypertension, where mediation effects are quantified on a risk ratio scale for binary outcomes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09622802261468022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]],"date-time":"2026-07-15T13:53:48Z","timestamp":1784123628000},"page":"1882-1896","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bayesian mediation analysis for zero-inflated mediator"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-3082-5161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jinhong","family":"Cui","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham"},{"name":"Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Facility, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3950-1980","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa J","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8525-4381","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Sims","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Mississippi Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0167-9097","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Justin M","family":"Leach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8614-7190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"D. Leann","family":"Long","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wake Forest University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nengjun","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama at Birmingham"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0037350"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001648-199203000-00013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-032315-021402"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31818f69ce"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020761"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/10-STS321"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.5864"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwu278"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwaa083"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/math11132830"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.9689"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09622802231220495"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016972"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","volume-title":"Bayesian data analysis in ecology using linear models with R, BUGS, and Stan","author":"Korner-Nievergelt F","year":"2015","unstructured":"Korner-Nievergelt F, Roth T, von Felten S, et\u00a0al. Bayesian data analysis in ecology using linear models with R, BUGS, and Stan. Academic Press, 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b16018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jspi.2004.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1471082X0901000404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/18-BA1132"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0000000000000428"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2096319"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2009.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v080.i01"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","volume-title":"Estimation in mixtures of discrete distributions","author":"Cohen AC","year":"1963","unstructured":"Cohen AC. Estimation in mixtures of discrete distributions. Statistical Pub. Society, 1963."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1269547"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-4076(86)90002-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40488-021-00121-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/08-AOAS191"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gelman A Jakulin A Pittau MG et\u00a0al. A default prior distribution for logistic and other regression models. Unpublished Manuscript See Www Stat Columbia Edugelman 2006.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.1010421"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3501714.3501736"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","first-page":"70","article-title":"Semantics of causal DAG models and the identification of direct and indirect effects","volume":"27","author":"Robins JM","year":"2003","unstructured":"Robins JM. Semantics of causal DAG models and the identification of direct and indirect effects. Oxford Statistical Science Series 2003; 27: 70\u201382.","journal-title":"Oxford Statistical Science Series"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","volume-title":"Explanation in causal inference: methods for mediation and interaction","author":"VanderWeele T","year":"2015","unstructured":"VanderWeele T. Explanation in causal inference: methods for mediation and interaction. Oxford University Press, 2015."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13061049"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwx051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.2307\/2287653","article-title":"Randomization analysis of experimental data: the Fisher randomization test comment","volume":"75","author":"Rubin DB","year":"1980","unstructured":"Rubin DB. Randomization analysis of experimental data: the Fisher randomization test comment. J Am Stat Assoc 1980; 75: 591\u2013593.","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4310\/SII.2009.v2.n4.a7"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-1284-3_2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181df191c"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09622802211003113"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsta.2022.0153"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.15196"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckq155"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/STROKEAHA.111.000529"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000086678"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7945"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3281"}],"container-title":["Statistical Methods in Medical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09622802261468022","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09622802261468022","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09622802261468022","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T19:49:47Z","timestamp":1789069787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09622802261468022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09622802261468022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09622802261468022","relation":{},"ISSN":["0962-2802","1477-0334"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0962-2802","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0334","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,15]]}}}