{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T20:35:22Z","timestamp":1792787722052,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788825600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institute on Aging","award":["P01 AG0399131"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01 AG0399131"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049v75w11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging","award":["P01AG026276"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01AG026276"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049v75w11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging","award":["P30AG AG072979"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AG AG072979"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049v75w11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging","award":["R01 AG053550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AG053550"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049v75w11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging","award":["P50 AG00568"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 AG00568"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049v75w11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"National Institute on Aging","award":["R01 AG067505"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01 AG067505"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/049v75w11","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Stat Methods Med Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    \n                    Biomarkers measured from biofluid samples and imaging scans are important to aid diagnosis of diseases and track their progression over time, especially in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Combining retrospectively obtained biomarker data across multiple studies can increase statistical power, but existing biomarker data may be generated using different assay platforms, scanner types, or processing protocols by different studies, which may significantly affect the measurements of biomarkers and hence render it necessary to harmonize the data across the studies. An optimal way of biomarker data harmonization is to re-analyze all the biofluid samples or imaging scans together on a single platform in a central reference lab, but this is often not practical because of the substantial cost involved as well as the limited amount of biofluid samples available. A more practical solution is to prospectively design a bridging study by re-measuring a subset of biofluid samples or imaging scans from the studies in a reference lab to evaluate how biomarker values may be harmonized across studies. An important design question for such a bridging study is the size of the retrospectively collected biofluid samples or imaging scans that will be re-measured. We aim to address this question by conceptualizing a latent but true biomarker that underlies the observed versions of the biomarker measured across retrospective studies and proposing methods to determine the sample size of a bridging study for estimating the biological correlation of the true biomarker with a standard and validated clinical outcome. We also report bridging data of several analytes from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in a multi-center biomarker study of AD and demonstrate that a small proportion of the CSF samples may be sufficient to design a future bridging study for estimating the correlations of CSF biomarkers with a cognitive and functional outcome.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09622802261468023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T17:44:15Z","timestamp":1788889455000},"page":"2047-2060","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Sample size determination for a prospective bridging study to harmonize retrospective data from multiple studies\u2014Application to a biofluid biomarker study of Alzheimer\u2019s disease"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0044-4499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chengjie","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA"},{"name":"Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuzheng","family":"Nie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA"},{"name":"Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2759-3072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingqin","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA"},{"name":"Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA"},{"name":"Division of Public Health Sciences, Department of Surgery, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA"},{"name":"Siteman Cancer Center Biostatistics Core, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruijin","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Biostatistics and Data Science, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA"},{"name":"Knight Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, MO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Wolk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leslie M","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carey E","family":"Gleason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health"},{"name":"Wisconsin Alzheimer's Disease Research Center, Madison, WI, USA"},{"name":"Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, William S. 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