{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T01:01:07Z","timestamp":1777510867115,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,11,1]],"date-time":"2000-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":973036800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Transplant"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In a companion article, we describe the engineering and characterization of pituitary GH3 cell clones stably transfected with a furin-cleavable human insulin cDNA (InsGH3 cells). This article describes the performance of InsGH3 (clones 1 and 7) cell grafts into streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic nude mice. Subcutaneous implantation of 2 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\n                    InsGH3 cells resulted in the progressive reversal of hyperglycemia and diabetic symptoms, even though the progressive growth of the transplanted cells (clone 7) eventually led to glycemic levels below the normal mouse range. Proinsulin transgene expression was maintained in harvested InsGH3 grafts that, conversely, lose the expression of the prolactin (PRL) gene. Elevated concentrations of circulating mature human insulin were detected in graft recipients, demonstrating that proinsulin processing by InsGH3 cells did occur in vivo. Histologic analysis showed that transplanted InsGH3 grew in forms of encapsulated tumors composed of cells with small cytoplasms weakly stained for the presence of insulin. Conversely, intense insulin immunoreactivity was detected in graft-draining venules. Compared to pancreatic \u03b2TC3 cells, InsGH3 cells showed in vitro a higher rate of replication, an elevate resistance to apoptosis induced by serum deprivation and proinflammatory cytokines, and significantly higher antiapoptotic Bcl-2 protein levels. Moreover, InsGH3 cells were resistant to the streptozotocin toxicity that, in contrast, reduced \u03b2TC3 cell viability to 50\u201360% of controls. In conclusion, proinsulin gene expression and mature insulin secretion persisted in transplanted InsGH3 cells that reversed hyperglycemia in vivo. InsGH3 cells might represent a potential \u03b2-cell surrogate because they are more resistant than pancreatic \u03b2 cells to different apoptotic insults and might therefore be particularly suitable for encapsulation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/096368970000900610","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]],"date-time":"2017-06-22T15:12:20Z","timestamp":1498144340000},"page":"841-851","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Insulin-Secreting Pituitary GH3 Cells: A Potential \u03b2-Cell Surrogate for Diabetes Cell Therapy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Alberto M.","family":"Davalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cattedra di Clinica Medica, Universit\u00e0 Vita-Salute, H San Raffaele, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Galbiati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cattedra di Clinica Medica, Universit\u00e0 Vita-Salute, H San Raffaele, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Bertuzzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cattedra di Clinica Medica, Universit\u00e0 Vita-Salute, H San Raffaele, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luca","family":"Polastri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cattedra di Clinica Medica, Universit\u00e0 Vita-Salute, H San Raffaele, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio E.","family":"Pontiroli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Metabolic Diseases Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lucia","family":"Perego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Metabolic Diseases Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Massimo","family":"Freschi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guido","family":"Pozza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cattedra di Clinica Medica, Universit\u00e0 Vita-Salute, H San Raffaele, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Folli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unit for Metabolic Diseases Istituto Scientifico San Raffaele, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cesare","family":"Meoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cattedra di Clinica Medica, Universit\u00e0 Vita-Salute, H San Raffaele, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-096368970000900610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0696-696"},{"key":"bibr2-096368970000900610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.130.1.1370150"},{"key":"bibr3-096368970000900610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.31.10.883"},{"key":"bibr4-096368970000900610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.74.2.628"},{"key":"bibr5-096368970000900610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.11.5172"},{"key":"bibr6-096368970000900610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096368979500400413"},{"key":"bibr7-096368970000900610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-126-6-2815"},{"key":"bibr8-096368970000900610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.45.9.1161"},{"key":"bibr9-096368970000900610","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.48.1.59"},{"key":"bibr10-096368970000900610","first-page":"12","volume":"8","author":"Day R. 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