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The potential of the Japanese monkey as a recipient for xenotransplantation was assessed using two experimental models. The first model evaluated the optimal dose of tacrolimus without severe adverse events. The plasma tacrolimus levels, blood counts, and hepatic and renal function tests were evaluated. The second model assessed the immunosuppressive effects of thymoglobulin and tacrolimus. Immunosuppression was evaluated using blood counts and flow cytometry to measure lymphocytes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). In the first model, the target trough level (10\u201315 ng\/ml) was achieved and maintained with tacrolimus administration at 1.6 mg\/kg\/day in all monkeys. There were no adverse events related to the blood count or to liver, kidney, or nutrient parameters at this dose, except for hemoglobin. In the second model, a decrease in white blood cells was observed. Flow cytometry revealed a temporary decrease in T- and B-cell numbers among PBMCs on day 4. We consider that the Japanese monkey is acceptable to be used as a recipient model for preclinical xenotransplantation. The safe administration of tacrolimus and thymoglobulin is clarified for this model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09636897251322295","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]],"date-time":"2025-03-13T11:15:52Z","timestamp":1741864552000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Safe Administration of Immunosuppression in Japanese Monkeys: Relevance to Preclinical Xenotransplantation Studies"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3495-4270","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Naoaki","family":"Sakata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan"},{"name":"Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gumpei","family":"Yoshimatsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan"},{"name":"Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ryo","family":"Kawakami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan"},{"name":"Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9571-342X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shohta","family":"Kodama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine and Transplantation, Faculty of Medicine, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan"},{"name":"Center for Regenerative Medicine, Fukuoka University Hospital, Fukuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253029"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3089.2004.00157.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/xen.12050"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199312000-00031"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","article-title":"Natural anti-carbohydrate antibodies contributing to evolutionary survival of primates in viral epidemics","volume":"26","author":"Galili U","year":"2016","unstructured":"Galili U. 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