{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T00:47:38Z","timestamp":1777510058274,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Science and Technology Council, Taiwan","award":["MOST 110-2314-B-039-026-MY3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOST 110-2314-B-039-026-MY3"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004391","name":"China Medical University Hospital","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DMR-114-030"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DMR-114-030"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004391","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cell Transplant"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Xenogeneic cells isolated from safe animal tissues and expanded\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    hold potential as immunotherapeutic agents capable of stimulating the body\u2019s immune system to treat cancers. This study aimed to evaluate the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    safety and immunological effects of xenogeneic mammary cells of porcine origin (XMC), ensuring that their local administration is a safe medical intervention for breast cancer treatment. The safety of local XMC treatment was assessed by injecting varying doses of these cells into the abdominal mammary fat-pad tissues as prime and booster shots. Over a 28-day observation period, the tested dose range showed no significant changes in body weight or organ weight, and histopathological analysis revealed no pathological alterations in liver or kidney tissues. No abnormal findings were observed in hematology and serum biochemistry parameters. However, a dose-dependent periductal inflammation and lymphoid tissue infiltration were observed at the injection site. To further assess immune responses to xenogeneic cells, we evaluated their ability to stimulate immune cell proliferation and cytokine secretion in co-cultures with mouse splenocytes and human leukemia cell lines. Cell proliferation was measured by flow cytometry, and cytokine was analyzed using the ELISA method. Co-cultures of mouse splenocytes, KG-1, or Jurkat cells with XMCs elicited a proliferative response and increased secretion of cytokines, including interleukin-2 and interferon gamma, which are involved in immune rejection and antitumor activity. Physical interactions between immune cells and xenogeneic cells have also been demonstrated. The mouse safety study and cell-based bioassay results indicate that XMCs were safe within the tested dose range in this preclinical\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    assessment, and their immune-stimulatory effects were clearly measurable.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09636897251406337","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T14:54:24Z","timestamp":1773240864000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Preclinical safety assessment and immunological evaluation of xenogeneic mammary cells of porcine origin, utilized as an intralesional immunotherapeutic agent"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Liang-Chih","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4762-8877","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chih-Rong","family":"Shyr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, China Medical University, Taichung"},{"name":"eXCELL Biotherapeutics INC., Taichung"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ting-Yu","family":"Lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Division, Department of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ching-Feng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Division, Department of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chen-Kai","family":"Shih","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Division, Department of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wen-Lung","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, and PhD Program for Health Science and Industry, School of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi-Yu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Technology Research Center\/Division of Animal Technology, Agriculture Technology Research Institute, Miaoli"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chi-Ping","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Urology Division, Department of Medicine, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins12040241"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-021-00459-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052847"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12935-018-0501-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2412747"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2201422"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.72.12.1631"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ymthe.2025.02.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2021.10.044"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21820"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21208"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623312438738"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01926230490465874"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urolonc.2007.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/rtph.2000.1399"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33167-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/3997463"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics13101530"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Greaves P. Mammary gland. In: Greaves P editor. Histopathology of preclinical toxicity studies 4th edition. Boston (MA): Academic Press; 2012 p. 69\u201397.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53856-7.00003-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","article-title":"Breast cancer and the environment: a life course approach","author":"Medicine Io","year":"2012","unstructured":"Medicine Io. Breast cancer and the environment: a life course approach. Washington, DC: the National Academies Press; 2012.","journal-title":"Washington, DC: the National Academies Press;"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41374-018-0137-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","article-title":"Isolation of two human tumor epithelial cell lines from solid breast carcinomas","volume":"61","author":"Lasfargues EY","year":"1978","unstructured":"Lasfargues EY, Coutinho WG, Redfield ES. Isolation of two human tumor epithelial cell lines from solid breast carcinomas. 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