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This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of intra-articular (IA) injections of small umbilical cord\u2013derived fast proliferating cells (smumf cells) combined with magnesium (Mg\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) in a rat model of full-thickness cartilage defects (FTDs). Adhesion of smumf cells was assessed on type I collagen-coated surfaces\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , in an uncontained\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    model, and via cell tracking in a rat FTD model. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated using histological analyses of macroscopic and microscopic\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    (at 4 and 8 weeks, n = 6). Mg\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    improved the adhesion of smumf cells by up to 1.89-fold in the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ex vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    model, and by 2.80-fold in cell tracking. A single injection of smumf cells alone improved histological scores by 2.33-fold at 4 weeks, whereas the combination with Mg\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    resulted in further improvements in both macroscopic (1.30-fold) and microscopic (1.26-fold) scores at 8 weeks. Moreover, the smumf cells + Mg\n                    <jats:sup>2+<\/jats:sup>\n                    group showed significant increases in tissue thickness (1.40-fold), safranin O-positive area (2.88-fold), and type II collagen synthesis (1.22-fold) in rat model. This study demonstrates that a single IA injection of smumf cells combined with Mg\u00b2 enhances cell homing and functional adhesion at the defect site, thereby promoting superior cartilage regeneration compared with smumf cells alone.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09636897251411597","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,13]],"date-time":"2026-01-13T10:18:54Z","timestamp":1768299534000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Regeneration of full-thickness cartilage defects using small umbilical cord\u2013derived fast proliferating cells combined with magnesium in a rat model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-7198-3966","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jian","family":"Jiang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 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