{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T01:11:46Z","timestamp":1793236306603,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"national natural science foundation of china","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8216150269"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8216150269"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acupunct Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cervical spondylotic radiculopathy (CSR) is characterized by neuropathic pain (NP). Although the analgesic effect of electroacupuncture (EA) has been widely recognized in clinical practice, the mechanism of EA in the treatment of CSR remains unknown. We previously reported that 7\u2009days of EA improved behavioral markers of NP, attenuated increases in \u03b1-synuclein, synapsin 1 and 2, postsynaptic density (PSD)-95 and growth-associated protein (GAP)-43, and improved ultrastructural changes within synapses in a rat model of CSR. Herein, we present supplemental data from the same cohort of animals examining the timing of behavioral improvement within the first week (through additional measurements at 3 and 5\u2009days into the EA treatment) and new data on the effects of EA on \u03b1-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor (AMPAR) and N-methyl-d-aspartic acid receptor (NMDAR) levels.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>As previously reported, the rats were divided into four groups at random: normal, sham, CSR and CSR\u2009+\u2009EA. EA at bilateral LI4 and LR3 was administered once a day for 7\u2009days (20\u2009min each) in the CSR\u2009+\u2009EA group after the CSR model was established by inserting a fishing line under the laminae. Behavioral assessments were carried out prior to initiation of EA and at 3, 5 and 7\u2009days into the 7-day treatment course. Concentrations of\u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate (Glu) were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and ultraviolet colorimetry, respectively, and AMPAR (glutamate receptor (GluR)1 and GluR2 membrane protein) expression was determined using Western blotting. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect the protein expression and average optical density (AOD) of NMDAR1 (NR1), NMDAR2A (NR2A) and NMDAR2B (NR2B). Quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the mRNA expression of NR1, NR2A and NR2B. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe changes in synaptic ultrastructure.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EA significantly improved the pressure pain threshold (PPT) and mechanical withdrawal threshold (MWT) 5\u2009days into the intervention, although effects were less pronounced than at 7\u2009days (at completion of treatment). However, significant effects on gait scores were not seen prior to 7\u2009days. As previously reported, EA also improved markers of synaptic ultrastructure. In the spinal cord, GluR1 membrane protein expression was decreased, GluR2 membrane protein expression was increased, and the GluR1\/GluR2 ratio was decreased. Protein and mRNA expression of NR1, NR2A and NR2B was significantly decreased. GABA concentration was markedly increased, while Glu concentration was markedly decreased.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Evidence of EA analgesia (higher PPT and MWT scores) was seen after 5\u2009days of EA, while positive effects on motor function required 7\u2009days of treatment. The underlying mechanism may be related to inhibition of AMPAR and NMDAR expression, regulation of the concentration of related neurotransmitters and improvement of spinal cord synaptic plasticity. This study establishes a preliminary theoretical foundation for the use of EA in the clinical treatment of CSR.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09645284251314189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T03:41:25Z","timestamp":1738554085000},"page":"38-51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Electroacupuncture induces analgesia by regulating spinal synaptic plasticity via the AMPA\/NMDA receptor in a model of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy: secondary analysis of an experimental study in rats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-9316-1177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tian","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Preventive Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hai-Yan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6231-4721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangxi Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Preventive Medicine of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China"},{"name":"Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People\u2019s Hospital, Chengdu, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheng-Yong","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1529-9430(16)00477-0","volume":"16","author":"Fujiwara Y","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Spine J"},{"key":"bibr2-09645284251314189","unstructured":"International Association for the Study of Pain. A revised definition of pain: IASP revises its definition for the first time since 1979. PR Newswire, 16 July 2020, https:\/\/www.prnewswire.com\/news-releases\/a-revised-definition-of-pain-iasp-revises-its-definition-for-the-first-time-since-1979-301094994.html"},{"key":"bibr3-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2019.03.023"},{"key":"bibr4-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.05.087"},{"key":"bibr5-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28429-y"},{"key":"bibr6-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09645284211066499"},{"key":"bibr7-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2015.02.028"},{"key":"bibr8-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002149"},{"key":"bibr9-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-021-00800-x"},{"key":"bibr10-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14236"},{"key":"bibr11-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000025570"},{"key":"bibr12-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11655-020-3269-2"},{"key":"bibr13-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.11.025"},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr14-09645284251314189","first-page":"1","volume":"37","author":"Zhang L","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tradit Chin Med Sci"},{"key":"bibr15-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1744806921997654"},{"issue":"05","key":"bibr16-09645284251314189","first-page":"1154","volume":"36","author":"Chen S","year":"2018","journal-title":"Tradit Chin Med Sci"},{"key":"bibr17-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S415111"},{"key":"bibr18-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200201010-00009"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr19-09645284251314189","first-page":"496","volume":"24","author":"Xie W","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Guangdong Coll Pharm"},{"key":"bibr20-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199408150-00001"},{"key":"bibr21-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(77)90130-0"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr22-09645284251314189","first-page":"62","volume":"44","author":"Xu DS","year":"2019","journal-title":"Zhen Ci Yan Jiu"},{"key":"bibr23-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-0270(94)90144-9"},{"key":"bibr24-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3388-04.2004"},{"key":"bibr25-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2545"},{"key":"bibr26-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.910885"},{"key":"bibr27-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19336950.2021.1885836"},{"key":"bibr28-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.11.014"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr29-09645284251314189","first-page":"623","volume":"45","author":"Liu WT","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhen Ci Yan Jiu"},{"key":"bibr30-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00199"},{"key":"bibr31-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2480689"},{"key":"bibr32-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-021-02714-0"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr33-09645284251314189","first-page":"89","volume":"100","author":"Kelly RB","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am Fam Physician"},{"key":"bibr34-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2021.633280"},{"key":"bibr35-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2020.00134"},{"key":"bibr36-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520918419"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr37-09645284251314189","first-page":"314","volume":"41","author":"Qing P","year":"2016","journal-title":"Zhen Ci Yan Jiu"},{"key":"bibr38-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8818328"},{"issue":"10","key":"bibr39-09645284251314189","first-page":"1513","volume":"40","author":"Song W","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr40-09645284251314189","first-page":"498","volume":"42","author":"Cai YW","year":"2022","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhen Jiu"},{"key":"bibr41-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcna.2014.04.001"},{"key":"bibr42-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9152960"},{"key":"bibr43-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(91)90015-P"},{"key":"bibr44-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(90)90008-2"},{"key":"bibr45-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2010.11.027"},{"key":"bibr46-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.01.016"},{"key":"bibr47-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03047-y"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr48-09645284251314189","first-page":"382","volume":"39","author":"Wang C","year":"2014","journal-title":"Zhen Ci Yan Jiu"},{"key":"bibr49-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2021.10.001"},{"key":"bibr50-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2004.10.029"},{"key":"bibr51-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2016.11.019"},{"key":"bibr52-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2018.01.019"},{"key":"bibr53-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2023.148270"},{"key":"bibr54-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2019.01.021"},{"key":"bibr55-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2017.04.004"},{"key":"bibr56-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23052886"},{"key":"bibr57-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.01.019"},{"key":"bibr58-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5607898"},{"issue":"5","key":"bibr59-09645284251314189","first-page":"353","volume":"36","author":"Yan LP","year":"2011","journal-title":"Zhen Ci Yan Jiu"},{"key":"bibr60-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2022.979483"},{"key":"bibr61-09645284251314189","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2014.04.007"},{"issue":"4","key":"bibr62-09645284251314189","first-page":"4230","volume":"18","author":"Zhou NB","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oncol Lett"}],"container-title":["Acupuncture in Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09645284251314189","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09645284251314189","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09645284251314189","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:19:34Z","timestamp":1777367974000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09645284251314189"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09645284251314189"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09645284251314189","relation":{},"ISSN":["0964-5284","1759-9873"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0964-5284","type":"print"},{"value":"1759-9873","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2]]}}}