{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:57:20Z","timestamp":1777381040048,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]],"date-time":"2026-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769385600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"the National Science Foundation for Young Scientists of China","award":["31901880"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31901880"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81873238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81873238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Acupunct Med"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Metformin (Met) is a first-line pharmacological treatment for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The potential effect of combining electroacupuncture (EA) at ST25 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Tianshu<\/jats:italic>\n                      ) with Met in ameliorating intestinal injury remains largely unexplored.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We established wild-type (Control) and diabetic model groups that remained untreated (Model), received EA only (EA), received Met treatment only (Met) or received EA combined with Met (EA\u2009+\u2009Met), and compared markers of intestinal injury and insulin resistance, as well as effects on signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) proteins and microRNAs.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      EA and Met treatment (alone and in combination) had positive effects on fasting plasma glucose, fasting insulin levels, Homeostatic Model Assessment\u2013insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) indices and stool number, while fecal water content was positively impacted by EA treatment (with or without concurrent Met) but not Met alone. Hematoxylin-eosin staining demonstrated that both EA alone and EA in combination with Met appeared to repair intestinal damage in the jejunum, ileum and colon. In addition, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay revealed that serum interleukin 10 levels were restored in all treatment groups. Furthermore, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed that EA at ST25 resulted in the activation of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">STAT5A<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the jejunum, as well as\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">STAT5A<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">STAT5B<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">STAT6<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the ileum. Notably, in the EA\u2009+\u2009Met group, there was a specific enhancement of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">STAT2<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">STAT3<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">STAT5B<\/jats:italic>\n                      in the colon, indicating segment-specific activation within distinct regions of the intestine.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>EA at ST25 may ameliorate intestinal injury via the Janus kinase (Jak)\/STAT signaling pathway and is closely related to jejunal and ileal segments. These findings provide a theoretical basis for EA combined with medication.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09645284251410578","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T02:35:56Z","timestamp":1769481356000},"page":"65-79","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Electroacupuncture at ST25 combined with metformin improves intestinal function via the JAK\/STAT pathway in a rat model of diabetes"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4532-2498","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xu","family":"Qian","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China"},{"name":"Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zunyi Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Zunyi, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ke","family":"Pei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Traditional Chinese Medicine and School of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongwei","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4006-3009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Acupuncture and Medicine Research of Ministry of Education, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0162354"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0242-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","first-page":"36","article-title":"Study of diversity of metformin related gastrointestinal side effects","volume":"68","author":"Saluja M","year":"2020","unstructured":"Saluja M, Pareek KK, Swami YK. Study of diversity of metformin related gastrointestinal side effects. J Assoc Physicians India 2020; 68: 36\u201338.","journal-title":"J Assoc Physicians India"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.6.5.472"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2001.00896.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2020.07.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","first-page":"601","article-title":"[Progress of research on mechanism of acupuncture for diabetes mellitus]","volume":"43","author":"Chen C","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chen C, Wang HC, Zhai X, et al. [Progress of research on mechanism of acupuncture for diabetes mellitus]. 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