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The CM model was established by intraperitoneal injection of nitroglycerin (NTG). Acupuncture was administered at GV20 and bilateral PC6\/LR3\/ST36 for rats in the acupuncture group once a day for 9\u2009days. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect the levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in plasma. A combination of 16S rDNA sequencing and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomics was adopted to investigate the role of the gut\u2013brain axis in migraine chronification and the effect of acupuncture on CM.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acupuncture treatment significantly attenuated hyperalgesia in CM model rats and regulated serum levels of brain\u2013gut peptides, including 5-HT, CGRP and VIP. Furthermore, the gut microbial community structure and metabolic profile changed in CM rats and acupuncture impacted the changes. Notably, acupuncture modulated 10 gut microbial genera and 13 fecal metabolites.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest that the gut\u2013brain axis may play an important role in the chronification of migraine, and the regulation of gut microbiota and metabolites may be one of the mechanisms underlying the analgesic effect of acupuncture in CM.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09645284261423204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T04:26:33Z","timestamp":1775881593000},"page":"138-156","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acupuncture regulates gut microbiota and metabolites in a rat model of chronic migraine"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0210-7912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hao","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Acumox and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7666-0396","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Acumox and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1549-9469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shi-jie","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Acumox and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li-xia","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Acumox and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5145-0057","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Meng","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Acumox and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-kuan","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Acumox and Tuina, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1976-9437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-jun","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Acupuncture, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7539-6850","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Acupuncture, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2001.041006573.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.192492"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.93"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-1078-9"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","first-page":"1444","article-title":"Comorbidity of headache and gastrointestinal complaints: the Head-HUNT Study","volume":"27","author":"Aamodt AH","year":"2007","unstructured":"Aamodt AH, Stovner LJ, Hagen K, et al. 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