{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:44:07Z","timestamp":1777855447615,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,16]],"date-time":"2013-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1379289600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Dr James Marion Sims was born in 1813 in Lancaster County, South Carolina. It was while pioneering numerous surgical procedures in Alabama that in 1849 he achieved the outstanding landmark in medical history of successfully, and consistently, repairing vesicovaginal fistulae. Sims soon developed a reputation as a fine surgeon, with new operations and techniques, using novel surgical instruments and his innovative approaches frequently published. Moving to New York City in 1853, he further established hospitals devoted entirely to women\u2019s health. Sims was controversial, with flamboyant descriptions of self-confident success, yet they were tempered with sober reflection of failure and loss. Today we remain with the Sims speculum and Sims position, eponymous tributes to his accomplishments as the \u2018Father of Gynaecology\u2019.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0967772013480604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,16]],"date-time":"2013-09-16T23:03:39Z","timestamp":1379372619000},"page":"35-45","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["The eponymous Dr James Marion Sims MD, LLD (1813\u20131883)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"MJ","family":"West","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LM","family":"Irvine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,9,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0967772013480604","first-page":"93","volume":"12","author":"Ward GG","year":"1936","journal-title":"Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine"},{"key":"bibr2-0967772013480604","unstructured":"Picture of James Marion Sims. http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._Marion_Sims (accessed 10 March 2012)."},{"key":"bibr3-0967772013480604","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/096777209900700407"},{"key":"bibr4-0967772013480604","unstructured":"Marr JP. Pioneer surgeons of the Woman\u2019s Hospital, Philadelphia: FA Davis Co Publishers, 1957, pp. 28\u201343."},{"key":"bibr5-0967772013480604","first-page":"481","volume-title":"Obstetric and gynecological milestones","author":"Speert H","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr6-0967772013480604","unstructured":"Sims JM.\n                      The story of my life\n                      (Edited by his son, Sims HM). Kessinger Publishing, 2006, pp. 15\u201327, 226\u2013246, 236\u2013237; Appendix III; Baldwin WO. 1884, Tribute to the Late James Marion Sims, MD, LL.D; Appendix A: Letter to his wife."},{"key":"bibr7-0967772013480604","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1622.2000.01990.x"},{"key":"bibr8-0967772013480604","unstructured":"Ricci JV.\n                      One hundred years of gynaecology\n                      . Martino Publishing, 2000, pp. 111\u2013112."},{"key":"bibr9-0967772013480604","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(56)90476-8"},{"key":"bibr10-0967772013480604","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.00124.x"},{"key":"bibr11-0967772013480604","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-185201000-00004"},{"key":"bibr12-0967772013480604","unstructured":"Dr J Marion Sims \u2013 The Father of Modern Gynecology. Wellness directory of Minnesota. http:\/\/www.mnwelldir.org\/docs\/history\/biographies\/marion_sims.htm (accessed 18 December 2010)."},{"key":"bibr13-0967772013480604","first-page":"13","volume":"14","author":"Shingleton HM","year":"2009","journal-title":"The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Clinical Review"},{"key":"bibr14-0967772013480604","unstructured":"Sims JM. Clinical notes on uterine surgery, with reference to the management of the sterile condition. 1866, p. 23. Open Knowledge Commons and Harvard Medical School \u2013 Internet Archive: http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/clinicalnotesonu1866sims (accessed 10 March 2012)."},{"key":"bibr15-0967772013480604","unstructured":"Sims JM. Silver sutures in surgery: the anniversary discourse before the New York Academy of Medicine, New York: Wood SS, Wood W, 1858, pp. 1\u201355."},{"key":"bibr16-0967772013480604","unstructured":"The fistula operation on Betsy. Original painting by Robert Thom depicting the event with some artistic licence 100 years later (commissioned by the Parke\u2013Davis Company, from A history of medicine in pictures, edited by Bender GA, 1961). Accessed at: Dodd Memorial Library, Christian Medical College, Vellore: http:\/\/dodd.cmcvellore.ac.in\/hom\/30%20-%20JMarion%20Sims.html (accessed 10 March 2012)."},{"key":"bibr17-0967772013480604","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2002.00124.x"},{"key":"bibr18-0967772013480604","unstructured":"Sims repairing a vesico-vaginal fistula with silver wire sutures: http:\/\/www.nlm.nih.gov\/exhibition\/cesarean\/part3.html (accessed 10 March 2012)."},{"key":"bibr19-0967772013480604","unstructured":"Zimmerman LM and Veith I.\n                      Great ideas in the history of surgery\n                      . Norman Publishing, Waverly Press Inc, 1993. Part VII \u2013 Eminent pre-listerians; Chapter 41: Marion Sims and early American surgery, pp. 436\u2013446."},{"key":"bibr20-0967772013480604","unstructured":"Statue of Sims in Central Park, New York: http:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Jmarionsimsjeh.JPG (photo credit: Jim Henderson, May 2008) (accessed 10 March 2012)."},{"key":"bibr21-0967772013480604","unstructured":"Edmonson JM and Hambrecht FT. America Armamentarium Chirurgicum. George Tiemann & Co, Norman Publishing, 1989. Vesico-vaginal fistula; p. 448."},{"key":"bibr22-0967772013480604","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM194511222332108"},{"key":"bibr23-0967772013480604","first-page":"72","volume":"7","author":"Sims JM","year":"1866","journal-title":"Transactions of the Obstetrical Society of London"},{"key":"bibr24-0967772013480604","unstructured":"Who Named It? http:\/\/www.whonamedit.com\/synd.cfm\/2041.html (accessed 10 March 2012)."},{"key":"bibr25-0967772013480604","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-185801000-00011"},{"key":"bibr26-0967772013480604","unstructured":"Sims JM. Clinical notes on uterine surgery, with reference to the management of the sterile condition. London: R Hardwicke, 1866p. 377 \u2013 artificial insemination. Open Knowledge Commons and Harvard Medical School \u2013 Internet Archive: http:\/\/www.archive.org\/details\/clinicalnotesonu1866sims (accessed 10 March 2012)."},{"key":"bibr27-0967772013480604","first-page":"51","volume":"5","author":"Sims JM","year":"1844","journal-title":"American Journal of Dental Science"},{"key":"bibr28-0967772013480604","first-page":"331","volume":"36","author":"Sims JM","year":"1862","journal-title":"The Half Yearly Abstracts of the Medical Sciences"},{"key":"bibr29-0967772013480604","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)39913-6"},{"key":"bibr30-0967772013480604","first-page":"50","author":"Sim JM","year":"1867","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"bibr31-0967772013480604","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-184607210-00013"},{"key":"bibr32-0967772013480604","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000441-184704000-00003"},{"key":"bibr33-0967772013480604","first-page":"199","volume":"66","author":"Sims JM","year":"1861","journal-title":"Boston Medical and Surgical Journal"},{"key":"bibr34-0967772013480604","author":"Sims JM","year":"1879","journal-title":"The American Journal of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women and Children, New York"},{"key":"bibr35-0967772013480604","unstructured":"Sims JM. The bromides of ethyl as anaesthetic. Medical Record, New York. 1880, pp. 155."},{"key":"bibr36-0967772013480604","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.87.11.1773"},{"key":"bibr37-0967772013480604","first-page":"45","volume":"37","author":"Boney FN","year":"1984","journal-title":"The Alabama Review"},{"key":"bibr38-0967772013480604","unstructured":"Anonymous letter from \u2018G\u2019.\n                      The Peninsular and Independent Medical Journal\n                      . Higby & Stearns Publishers. 1858;1:104."},{"key":"bibr39-0967772013480604","unstructured":"Letter to:\n                      The Quarterly Journal of Practical Medicine & Surgery\n                      . John Churchill Publishers. 1858;22:468."},{"key":"bibr40-0967772013480604","first-page":"363","author":"Baldwin","year":"1846","journal-title":"American Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"bibr41-0967772013480604","first-page":"180","author":"Hartigan JF","year":"1884","journal-title":"Archives of Pediatrics"},{"key":"bibr42-0967772013480604","unstructured":"Brinker W. James Marion Sims: Father Butcher, http:\/\/www.seedshow.com\/jmsims.htm and http:\/\/www.whale.to\/a\/brinker.html (accessed 11 December 2010)."},{"key":"bibr43-0967772013480604","unstructured":"Lerner B. Scholars argue over legacy of surgeon who was lionized, then vilified.\n                      New York Times\n                      , 23 October 2003."},{"key":"bibr44-0967772013480604","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.19.1.28"},{"key":"bibr45-0967772013480604","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jme.2005.012559"},{"key":"bibr46-0967772013480604","unstructured":"Lounsbury DE. Human experimentation in America before the Second World War. Military Medical Ethics. Chapter 17.: Lederer SE. The cold war and beyond: covert and deceptive American medical experimentation 2003;2:507\u2013532."},{"key":"bibr47-0967772013480604","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obituary.\n                      British Medical Journal\n                      1883;17 November:1000.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2543-3377(17)41665-7"},{"key":"bibr48-0967772013480604","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(17)55941-8"},{"key":"bibr49-0967772013480604","unstructured":"WHO Maternal Mortality in 1995. Estimates developed by WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA. WHO, Geneva, 2001."},{"key":"bibr50-0967772013480604","first-page":"127","volume":"57","author":"Maine D","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Women\u2019s Association"},{"key":"bibr51-0967772013480604","unstructured":"Modern American Poetry; A Dr J. 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