{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:44:08Z","timestamp":1777855448586,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,3]],"date-time":"2014-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1393804800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Nathaniel Hodges was the son of Thomas Hodges (1605\u20131672), an influential Anglican preacher and reformer with strong connections in the political life of Carolingian London. Educated at Westminster School, Trinity College Cambridge and Christ Church College, Oxford, Nathaniel established himself as a physician in Walbrook Ward in the City of London. Prominent as one of a handful of medical men who remained in London during the time of the Great Plague of 1665, he wrote the definitive work on the outbreak. His daily precautions against contracting the disease included fortifying himself with Th\u00e9odore de Mayerne\u2019s antipestilential electuary and the liberal consumption of Sack. Hodges\u2019 approach to the treatment of plague victims was empathetic and based on the traditional Galenic method rather than Paracelsianism although he was pragmatic in the rejection of formulae and simples which he judged from experience to be ineffective. Besieged by financial problems in later life, his practice began to fail in the 1680s and he eventually died in a debtor\u2019s prison.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0967772014525095","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,3]],"date-time":"2014-03-03T20:19:43Z","timestamp":1393877983000},"page":"30-35","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Nathaniel Hodges (1629\u20131688): Plague doctor"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Christopher J","family":"Duffin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Earth Science Department, The Natural History Museum, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0967772014525095","unstructured":"Nathaniel Hodges\u2019 Commonplace Book, Sloane MS 810, held by the British Library. Folio 2."},{"key":"bibr2-0967772014525095","unstructured":"Atherton I and Hodges T (\n                      c\n                      .1600\u20131672).\n                      Oxford Dictionary of National Biography\n                      . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004."},{"key":"bibr3-0967772014525095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harper WP. The significance of the farmers of the customs in public finance in the middle of the seventeenth century.\n                      Economica\n                      1929; 25: 61-70; Ashton R. Revenue farming under the early Stuarts.\n                      Economic History Review\n                      1956; 8: 310-322.","DOI":"10.2307\/2548519"},{"key":"bibr4-0967772014525095","unstructured":"Collins A. The English baronetage: containing a genealogical and historical account of all the English baronets, now existing: their descents, marriages, and issues; memorable actions, both in war, and peace; religious and charitable donations; deaths, places of burial and monumental Iiscriptions, London: Thomas Wotton, 1741, pp. 402\u2013402."},{"key":"bibr5-0967772014525095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moote AL, Moote DC. The great plague. The Story of London\u2019s most deadly year, Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004, pp. 51\u201351.","DOI":"10.56021\/9780801877834"},{"key":"bibr6-0967772014525095","unstructured":"Bell WG. The great plague in London in 1665, London: John Lane The Bodley Head Ltd, 1924, pp. 14\u201314."},{"key":"bibr7-0967772014525095","volume-title":"Loimologia: or, an historical account of the plague in London in 1665: with precautionary directions against the like contagion","author":"Hodges N","year":"1720","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr8-0967772014525095","first-page":"351","volume":"6","author":"Clippingdale SD","year":"1909","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"bibr9-0967772014525095","unstructured":"The physicians traced so far include Sir Thomas Witherley (1618\u20131694), Sir John Baber (1625\u20131704), Drs Thomas Allen, Jeremy Astell, Barbone, Peter Barwick, Bayard, Francis Bernard, Edward Bolnest, Joseph Bravo, Humphrey Brooks, Alexander Burnett, Nicholas Butler, William Conyers, Elisha Coysh, Day, Fife, Francis Glisson, John Glover, Grant, O\u2019Dowd, Tristran Inard, Nathan Paget, Samuel Peck, George Starkey, George Thomson, Thomas Wharton, Nicholas Davis, Edward D\u2019Avoy and Edward Deantry. Some of them died of the plague during the epidemic; surgeons John Fife, Thomas Gray, Edward Hannan, and Edward Hicks."},{"key":"bibr10-0967772014525095","volume-title":"Loimologia sive pestis nuperae apud populum Londinensem grassantis narratio historica","author":"Hodges N","year":"1673"},{"key":"bibr11-0967772014525095","first-page":"14","volume-title":"In: A collection of very valuable and scarce pieces relating to the last plague in the year 1665. (1721)","author":"Hodges N","year":"1666"},{"key":"bibr12-0967772014525095","unstructured":"Kircher A.\n                      Athanasii Kircheri \u00e8 Soc. Jesu Scrutinium physico-medicum contagiosae luis, quae dicitur. Pestis, quo origo, caussae, signa, prognostica pestis nec non insoletes malignantis naturae effectus, qui statis temporibus, coelestium influxuum virtute & efficacia tum in elementis tum in epidemiis hominum animantiumq : morbis elucescunt, una cum appropriatis remediorum antidotis nova doctrina in lucum eruuntur\/Cum praefatione D. Christiani Langii\n                      . Lipsiae: Bauerianis pud haered: Sch\u00fcreri & G\u00f6tzii, 1659; Belloni L. Athanasius Kircher: seine Mikroskopie, die Animalcula und die Pestw\u00fcrmer. Medizinhistorisches Journal, 1985; 20: 58-65; Glassie J. A man of misconceptions. The life of an eccentric in an age of change. New York, NY: Riverhead Books, 2012."},{"key":"bibr13-0967772014525095","unstructured":"Diemerbroeck Y van.\n                      De peste libri quatuor. Truculentissimi morbi historiam ratione & experientia confirmatam exhibentes\n                      . Arenaci: Ex officina Joannis Jacobi, 1646; republished as Diemerbroeck Y van.\n                      Isbrandi de Diemerbroeck med. doct. & profess. Tractatus de peste in quatuor libros distinctus: truculentissimi morbi historiam ratione & experienti\u00e2 confirmatam exhibens\n                      . Amstelaedami: Typis Joannis Blaeu, 1665, pp.162\u2013163."},{"key":"bibr14-0967772014525095","unstructured":"Single page broadside entitled\n                      An advertisement from the Society of Chymical Physitians, touching medicines by them prepared, in pursuance of his Majesties command, for the prevention, and for the cure of the plague.\n                      London: printed for John Starkey, and are to be sold at his shop at the Mitre near Temple-Bar, 1665."},{"key":"bibr15-0967772014525095","volume-title":"A collection of very valuable and scarce pieces relating to the last plague in the year 1665","author":"Anonymous","year":"1721"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Biography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772014525095","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0967772014525095","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772014525095","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:24:58Z","timestamp":1777505098000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0967772014525095"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,3]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0967772014525095"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0967772014525095","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-7720","1758-1087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-7720","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,3]]}}}