{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:44:07Z","timestamp":1777855447458,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,21]],"date-time":"2014-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1395360000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The early medieval era is also called the Islamic Golden Age because of the significant rise in sciences, including medicine. Ab\u016b Bakr Rabi\u2019 ibn Ahmad Akhawayni Bukh\u0101ri (better known as Akhawayni) was one of the notable medical practitioners in his lifetime. His fame was in neuroscience and he became known as Pezeshk-e-Divanegan (Physician to the Insane). His only surviving book, Hid\u0101yat al-Muta\u2019allimin fi al-Tibb (The Students\u2019 Handbook of Medicine), is the first medical textbook in Persian, after Islam. Akhawayni gathered and categorized available knowledge on neuropsychiatry and added his own. He was the first to describe sleep paralysis and to suggest pragmatic rather than supernatural treatment. He was also the first to present fever cure and his descriptions of meningitis ( Lisarghos in Hid\u0101yat), mania, psychosis ( Malikhulia), dementia ( Ghotrab), etc., are close to current concepts.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0967772014525105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,22]],"date-time":"2014-03-22T00:13:35Z","timestamp":1395447215000},"page":"199-201","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Akhawayni (?\u2013983 AD): A Persian neuropsychiatrist in the early medieval era (9th\u201312th Century AD)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Arman","family":"Zargaran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"},{"name":"Student Research Committee, Department of History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"},{"name":"Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center and Department of Traditional Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gholamreza","family":"Kordafshari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seyyed Rouhollah","family":"Hosseini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Department of History of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alireza","family":"Mehdizadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Office for the History of Persian Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0967772014525105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6219-2"},{"key":"bibr2-0967772014525105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zargaran A, Zarshenas MM, Ahmadi SA, et\u00a0al. Haly Abbas (949\u2013982 AD).\n                      Journal of Neurology.\n                      Epub ahead of print 5 January 2013.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-012-6823-9"},{"key":"bibr3-0967772014525105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6398-x"},{"key":"bibr4-0967772014525105","unstructured":"Zargaran A (op. cit. ref. 1): pp. 389\u2013390."},{"key":"bibr5-0967772014525105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zarshenas MM, Zargaran A, Mehdizadeh A, et\u00a0al. Mansur ibn Ilyas (1380\u20131422): a Persian anatomist and his book of anatomy, Tashrih-I Mansuri.\n                      Journal of Medical Biography\n                      2014 [in press].","DOI":"10.1177\/0967772013479474"},{"key":"bibr6-0967772014525105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfm494"},{"key":"bibr7-0967772014525105","first-page":"49","volume":"2","author":"Golshani SA","year":"2012","journal-title":"The Journal of Research on the History of Medicine"},{"key":"bibr8-0967772014525105","unstructured":"Yarmohammadi H (op. cit. ref. 8)."},{"key":"bibr9-0967772014525105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yarmohammadi H, Dalfardi B, Rezaian J, et\u00a0al. Al-Akhawayni's description of pulmonary circulation.\n                      International Journal of Cardiology\n                      . Epub ahead of print 25 July 2013.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2013.07.040"},{"key":"bibr10-0967772014525105","first-page":"300","volume":"5","author":"Changizi Ashtiyani S","year":"2001","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Kidney Diseases"},{"key":"bibr11-0967772014525105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2012.04.043"},{"key":"bibr12-0967772014525105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis596"},{"key":"bibr13-0967772014525105","first-page":"229","volume":"8","author":"Golzari SE","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment"},{"key":"bibr14-0967772014525105","unstructured":"Khodadoust K (op. cit. ref. 10): pp. 289\u2013293."},{"key":"bibr15-0967772014525105","unstructured":"Al-Akhawayni Bukhari (op. cit. ref. 15)."},{"key":"bibr16-0967772014525105","unstructured":"Yarmohammadi H (op. cit. ref. 16)."},{"key":"bibr17-0967772014525105","unstructured":"Changizi Ashtiyani S (op. cit. ref. 9): pp. 300\u2013308."},{"key":"bibr18-0967772014525105","unstructured":"Al-Akhawayni Bukhari.\n                      Hidayat al-Mutaallimin Fi al-Tibb (A guidance to medical learners). Bodleian Oxford version\n                      . Tehran: Microfilms from Tehran Manuscript Library; circa 10th century AD."},{"key":"bibr19-0967772014525105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yarmohammadi H, Dalfardi B and Ghanizadeh A. Al-Akhawayni Bukhari (?\u2013983 AD).\n                      Journal of Neurology\n                      . Epub ahead of print 18 June 2013.","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-013-7000-5"},{"key":"bibr20-0967772014525105","unstructured":"Al-Akhawayni Bukhari (op. cit. ref. 15)."},{"key":"bibr21-0967772014525105","unstructured":"Golzari SE (op. cit. ref. 11): pp. 229\u2013234."},{"key":"bibr22-0967772014525105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yarmohammadi H, Dalfardi B and Ghanizadeh A. Joveini (Al-Akhawayni) and the early knowledge on circle of Willis.\n                      International Journal of Cardiology\n                      . 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