{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:43:55Z","timestamp":1777855435966,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,6]],"date-time":"2014-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1399334400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>During his life, Dr James E Reeves was a national figure in the US. His work included multiple professional publications, civic and professional leadership positions, and the drafting of a landmark law that confirmed the right of states to regulate the medical profession. While much of Reeves\u2019 work supported the successful struggle of 19th century regular physicians to gain control of the practice of medicine, he challenged his colleagues when their self-interests conflicted with his perception of the public good. He was frequently lauded for this work by physicians and the public but he also made professional enemies. Perhaps for this reason, his considerable accomplishments were forgotten after his death. His story reminds us of the difficult contradiction that exists within the regulation of medicine, guarding the public\u2019s welfare while protecting the interests of medical professionals. It also reminds us that history may temporarily overlook those who fight our difficult battles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0967772014532042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,7]],"date-time":"2014-05-07T02:31:48Z","timestamp":1399429908000},"page":"158-169","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["James Edmund Reeves (1829\u20131896) and the contentious 19th century battle for medical professionalism in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"John M","family":"Harris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Former Executive Director of the Continuing Medical Education Office, University of Arizona, Tucson, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Funeral of Dr. Reeves.\n                      The Daily Times\n                      (Chattanooga TN), 6 January 1896, p.2."},{"key":"bibr2-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Dr Reeves Dying.\n                      Wheeling Register,\n                      20 December 1895, vol. 33, p.8."},{"key":"bibr3-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Atkinson WB.\n                      A biographical dictionary of contemporary American physicians and surgeons\n                      . 2nd ed. Philadelphia: DG Brinton, 1880. It is particularly surprising that Reeves is not mentioned in this compendium because many of his fellow Wheeling physicians are included."},{"key":"bibr4-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Kelly HA.\n                      A cyclopedia of American medical biograph\n                      y \u2013\n                      comprising the lives of eminent deceased physicians and surgeons from 1610 to 1910.\n                      Vol\n                      .\n                      II. Philadelphia and London: WB Saunders Company, 1912. It should be noted that there was a short mention of Dr Reeves in the 1928 edition of this work; Kelly HA and Burrage WL.\n                      Dictionary of American medical biography.\n                      New York and London: D Appleton and Company, 1928, pp.1024\u20131025."},{"key":"bibr5-0967772014532042","volume-title":"An introduction to the history of medicine \u2013 with medical chronology, suggestions for study and bibliographic data","author":"Garrison FH","year":"1929","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr6-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Documentation of Reeves\u2019 family history was obtained from several sources, including personal correspondence with his great-great-granddaughter, Joan Webb. Where possible, family tree information was supplemented by census and other primary records. Much vital information was also recorded in obituaries cited below and the 1896 article by Wilson in the\n                      Transactions of the Medical Society of West Virginia\n                      , also cited below."},{"key":"bibr7-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Cited by Wilson LD. James Edmund Reeves, MD.\n                      Transactions of the Medical Society of West Virginia\n                      1896; 29th Annual Session: 1319\u20131327 (quotation on 1320)."},{"key":"bibr8-0967772014532042","unstructured":"In 1850, Josiah and Nancy Reeves lived in Philippi, Barbour County Virginia (now West Virginia). Census records show a family of six, with four children ranging from ages 7 to 19 years. Ann Reeves was 16 years old. Josiah\u2019s trade was listed as \u201ctailor\u201d and that of his 19-year-old son, Joseph, as \u201cclerk.\u201d Seventh Census of the United States, 1850, Ancestry.com (accessed 12 June 2013)."},{"key":"bibr9-0967772014532042","unstructured":"The 1860 federal census supports Ann Reeves\u2019 view of her father\u2019s wish to instill practical skills in his sons. At that time Josiah and Nancy were still living in Philippi, Virginia. Josiah was 49 years old, with trades of \u201ctailor\u201d and Methodist \u201cminister.\u201d Nancy was 57 and there were a son Thomas and daughter Emily living at home. The trade of 18-year-old Thomas was listed as \u201capprentice tailor.\u201d Eighth Census of the United States, 1860, Ancestry.com (accessed 12 June 2013)."},{"key":"bibr10-0967772014532042","first-page":"1319","volume":"29","author":"Wilson LD","year":"1896","journal-title":"Transactions of the Medical Society of West Virginia"},{"key":"bibr11-0967772014532042","unstructured":"The US census of 3 September 1850 shows James E Reeves, a 24-year-old single male physician living in Braxton County Virginia. Sutton, Virginia was the county seat of Braxton County. Seventh Census of the United States, 1850, Ancestry.com (accessed 12 June 2013)."},{"key":"bibr12-0967772014532042","first-page":"1322","volume":"29","author":"Wilson LD","year":"1896","journal-title":"Transactions of the Medical Society of West Virginia"},{"key":"bibr13-0967772014532042","first-page":"1324","volume":"29","author":"Family sources","year":"1896","journal-title":"Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of West Virginia"},{"key":"bibr14-0967772014532042","unstructured":"The US Census of 14 July, 1860, after the Reeves family moved to Fairmont, confirms a family of six, including the four children. Eighth Census of the United States, 1860, Ancestry.com (accessed 13 June 2013)."},{"key":"bibr15-0967772014532042","volume-title":"A practical treatise on enteric fever; its diagnosis and treatment: being an analysis of one hundred thirty consecutive cases, derived from private practice, and embracing a partial history of the disease in Virginia","author":"Reeves JE","year":"1859"},{"key":"bibr16-0967772014532042","first-page":"84","volume":"61","author":"Unknown","year":"1859","journal-title":"The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal"},{"key":"bibr17-0967772014532042","volume-title":"Mother\u2019s day \u2013 a history of its founding and its founder","author":"Much personal information about Ann Reeves Jarvis can be found in Kendall NF","year":"1937"},{"key":"bibr18-0967772014532042","unstructured":"That James assisted Ann\u2019s work is mentioned in several places, and seems quite likely. However there is no primary source for this. See a brief biography of Ann Marie Reeves Jarvis at the WV Archives, http:\/\/www.wvculture.org\/history\/jarvis.html (accessed 14 June 2013) and Wikipedia, http:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ann_Jarvis (accessed 14 June 2013)."},{"key":"bibr19-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Requirements for the MD degree from the University of Pennsylvania (America\u2019s oldest medical college) in 1860 included: two years of study under a private practitioner, attendance of two terms of lectures, preparation and defence of a thesis, passing of all required examinations, and age of 21 years. Norwood WF.\n                      Medical Education in the United States before the Civil War\n                      . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1944, p.404. Records from the University of Pennsylvania confirm that James Reeves of Philippi, Virginia received the MD degree in 1860, http:\/\/www.archives.upenn.edu\/people\/students\/med\/az1806to1852\/medmatrledgers1806_1860.html (accessed 17 June 2013)."},{"key":"bibr20-0967772014532042","unstructured":"US census records show James, Lydia, and their children living in Fairmont on July 14. Eighth Census of the United States, 1860, Ancestry.com (accessed 14 June 2013)."},{"key":"bibr21-0967772014532042","unstructured":"The Battle of Philippi was essentially a rout, with few casualties on either side. Information about the beginning of the Civil War is well known, but there is an interesting, in-depth view of the evolving situation in Philippi in Maxwell H.\n                      The history of Barbour County West Virginia \u2013 from its earliest exploration and settlement to the present time\n                      . Morgantown: The ACME Publishing Company, 1899, pp.245\u2013275."},{"key":"bibr22-0967772014532042","unstructured":"This information is paraphrased from \u201cWest Virginia Statehood\u201d at the West Virginia Archives Web site, http:\/\/www.wvculture.org\/history\/statehoo.html (accessed 18 June 2013)."},{"key":"bibr23-0967772014532042","first-page":"1324","volume":"29","author":"Wilson LD","year":"1896","journal-title":"Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of West Virginia"},{"key":"bibr24-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Reeves was elected a member of the AMA at the 1866 meeting in Baltimore.\n                      Transactions of the American Medical Association.\n                      Vol. 17. Philadelphia: American Medical Association, 1866, p.23."},{"key":"bibr25-0967772014532042","unstructured":"West Virginia State Medical Association. Women\u2019s Auxiliary.\n                      The founders of the medical society of West Virginia.\n                      Charleston: WVSMA Women\u2019s Auxiliary, 1936, p.9."},{"key":"bibr26-0967772014532042","first-page":"11","volume-title":"The founders of the medical society of West Virginia","author":"West Virginia State Medical Association","year":"1936"},{"key":"bibr27-0967772014532042","first-page":"29","volume-title":"Past presidents of the West Virginia State Medical Association 1867\u20131942","author":"West Virginia State Medical Association","year":"1942"},{"key":"bibr28-0967772014532042","first-page":"231","volume":"8","author":"In later years, Reeves described his role in the third person: \u201cWitnessing the situation, a physician of the city busied himself about the matter and prepared an ordinance, exerted his influence to have that ordinance passed by the Council, establishing a permanent health office, with a salary of $800 a year for the health officer.\u201d Reeves JE","year":"1882","journal-title":"Public Health Papers and Reports"},{"key":"bibr29-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Wheeling-Ohio County Health Department Health Officers for Wheeling & Ohio County, West Virginia, http:\/\/www.ohiocountyhealth.com\/uploads\/03-11-11_ab_HealthOfficerList.pdf (accessed 19 June 2013)."},{"key":"bibr30-0967772014532042","volume-title":"The physical and medical topography, including vital, manufacturing and other statistics of the city of Wheeling","author":"Reeves JE","year":"1870"},{"key":"bibr31-0967772014532042","volume-title":"The health and wealth of the city of Wheeling \u2013 including its physical and medical topography; also general remarks on the natural resources of West Virginia","author":"Reeves JE","year":"1871"},{"key":"bibr32-0967772014532042","first-page":"199","volume":"84","author":"Unknown","year":"1871","journal-title":"The Boston Medical and Surgical Journal"},{"key":"bibr33-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Franklin quoted the aphorism, \u201cEarly to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise\u201d in the\n                      Almanack\n                      which he published from 1732 to 1758. This work was quite well known to 19th century writers. The phrase may be attributed, however to an earlier English writer, James Clark, in 1639 (Par\u0153miologia Anglo-Latina). Oxford encyclopedia of children\u2019s literature at, http:\/\/www.oxfordreference.com\/view\/10.1093\/acref\/9780195146561.001.0001\/acref-9780195146561-e-2487 (accessed 20 June 2013)."},{"key":"bibr34-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Smith S.\n                      Historical sketch of the American Public Health Association\n                      .\n                      Public health papers and reports V\n                      . Boston: Houghton Mifflin and Company \u2013 The Riverside Press, Cambridge, 1880, p.xvii, http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/journals\/487\/#pubhealthpap (accessed 27 June 2013)."},{"key":"bibr35-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Mary\u2019s death is noted in West Virginia Deaths Index 1853\u20131873, www.ancestry.com (accessed 21 June 2013). His marriage to Frances Starrett is cited in Wilson LD. James Edmund Reeves, MD.\n                      Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of West Virginia\n                      1896; 29th Annual Session: 1324."},{"key":"bibr36-0967772014532042","unstructured":"A copy of\n                      The West Virginia Medical Student\n                      is available for free download at, books.google.com (accessed 21 June 2013). On page 404 of the journal he described how his son handled the printing on a home press."},{"key":"bibr37-0967772014532042","first-page":"24","volume":"1","author":"Reeves JE","year":"1875","journal-title":"The West Virginia Medical Student"},{"key":"bibr38-0967772014532042","first-page":"63","volume":"1","author":"Inquirer","year":"1875","journal-title":"The West Virginia Medical Student"},{"key":"bibr39-0967772014532042","first-page":"69","volume":"1","author":"Reeves JE","year":"1875","journal-title":"The West Virginia Medical Student"},{"key":"bibr40-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Reeves\u2019 distaste for physician self-promotion was firmly rooted in contemporary standards. The Code of Medical Ethics adopted by the American Medical Association in 1847 stated \u201cIt is derogatory to the dignity of the profession, to resort to public advertisements or private cards or handbills,\u2026 to boast of cures and remedies, to adduce certificates of skill and success, or to perform any other similar acts. These are the ordinary practices of empirics, and are highly reprehensible in a regular physician.\u201d Bell J.\n                      American Medical Association, Code of Medical Ethics\n                      . Chicago: American Medical Association Press, 1847, p.98."},{"key":"bibr41-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Dr JC Hupp was also a socially prominent physician, but he was frequently mentioned in the Wheeling\n                      Register\n                      as administering \u201cskillful medical treatment\u201d for injuries (cf. 30 January 1878 and 6 July 1878). This would have been reprehensible to Reeves. In 1879\u20131880, a public dispute between Reeves and Hupp inside the State Medical Association appeared to be decided in Reeves\u2019 favor (\n                      Register,\n                      21 May 1879, 29 June 1880). In 1878, Judge RH Cochrane blistered Hupp in a newspaper article, calling for him to \u201cCome down from your exalted chronic vanity\u2026\u201d.\n                      Register,\n                      31 July 1878."},{"key":"bibr42-0967772014532042","first-page":"149","volume":"1","author":"Jepson SL","year":"1875","journal-title":"The West Virginia Medical Student"},{"key":"bibr43-0967772014532042","first-page":"165","volume":"1","author":"Putnam CP","year":"1875","journal-title":"The West Virginia Medical Student"},{"key":"bibr44-0967772014532042","first-page":"253","volume":"1","author":"Dawson WW","year":"1875","journal-title":"The West Virginia Medical Student"},{"key":"bibr45-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Records from the Wheeling\n                      Register\n                      document an extremely active role as city councilman, from 1877 to 1881, and Democratic Party manager from 1875. These records are available via, http:\/\/www.genealogybank.com (accessed 31 March 2014)."},{"key":"bibr46-0967772014532042","unstructured":"A correspondent\u2019s views. To the editor of the Register.\n                      Wheeling Register,\n                      9 January 1882, vol. 18, p.4."},{"key":"bibr47-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Atkinson WB. The physicians and surgeons of the United States, Philadelphia: Charles Robson, 1878, pp. 3\u20133."},{"key":"bibr48-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Atkinson WB. A biographical dictionary of contemporary American physicians and surgeons, 2nd ed. Philadelphia: DG Brinton, 1880, pp. 3\u20133."},{"key":"bibr49-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Smith S. Historical sketch of the American Public Health Association. Public health papers and reports V, Boston: Houghton Mifflin and Company \u2013 The Riverside Press, Cambridge, 1880, pp. vii\u2013xii."},{"key":"bibr50-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Starr P. The social transformation of American medicine \u2013 the rise of a sovereign profession and the making of a vast industry, New York: Basic Books, Inc, 1982, pp. 102\u2013110."},{"key":"bibr51-0967772014532042","first-page":"722","volume":"10","author":"Garnett AYP","year":"1888","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"bibr52-0967772014532042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1889.04440060002002"},{"key":"bibr53-0967772014532042","first-page":"172","volume":"10","author":"Jepson SL","year":"1915","journal-title":"West Virginia Medical Journal"},{"key":"bibr54-0967772014532042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1883.02390170013001c"},{"key":"bibr55-0967772014532042","first-page":"234","volume":"8","author":"Commentary by Dr Rauch","year":"1882","journal-title":"Public Health Papers and Reports"},{"key":"bibr56-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Unknown.\n                      Wheeling Register\n                      , 1 August 1881, vol. 19, p.4; 2 August 1881, vol. 19, p.4."},{"key":"bibr57-0967772014532042","volume-title":"Women\u2019s auxiliary, the founders of the Medical Society of West Virginia","author":"West Virginia State Medical Association","year":"1936"},{"key":"bibr58-0967772014532042","volume-title":"Women\u2019s auxiliary, past presidents of the West Virginia State Medical Association 1867\u20131942","author":"West Virginia State Medical Association","year":"1942"},{"key":"bibr59-0967772014532042","unstructured":"A complete description of the early phases of the\n                      Dent\n                      case is presented by Reeves in\n                      The Fourth Annual Report of the Secretary of the State Board of Health of West Virginia\n                      . Wheeling: Charles H. Taney, State Printer, 1884, pp.23\u201339."},{"key":"bibr60-0967772014532042","volume-title":"An American judge \u2013 Marmaduke Dent of West Virginia","author":"Reid JP","year":"1968"},{"key":"bibr61-0967772014532042","unstructured":"A copy of the Supreme Court decision in\n                      Dent v. West Virginia\n                      , http:\/\/supreme.justia.com\/cases\/federal\/us\/129\/114\/case.html (accessed 29 July 2013)."},{"key":"bibr62-0967772014532042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The importance and reach of the\n                      Dent\n                      decision are discussed by (among others) Starr P.\n                      The social transformation of American medicine \u2013 the rise of a sovereign profession and the making of a vast industry\n                      . New York: Basic Books, Inc\n                      .\n                      , 1982, p.106; Cohen MH and Nelson H. Licensure of complementary and alternative practitioners.\n                      American Medical Association Journal of Ethics\n                      2011; 13: 374\u2013378. At virtualmentor.org (accessed 9 August 2013).","DOI":"10.1001\/virtualmentor.2011.13.6.pfor1-1106"},{"key":"bibr63-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Unknown. Transactions of the Ninth Annual Session report of the Treasurer.\n                      Public Health Papers and Reports\n                      1881; 7: 441\u2013442."},{"key":"bibr64-0967772014532042","unstructured":"The latest news of the going and coming of people.\n                      Wheeling Register,\n                      25 January 1882, vol. 18, p.4."},{"key":"bibr65-0967772014532042","first-page":"187","volume":"8","author":"Unknown","year":"1882","journal-title":"Public Health Papers and Reports"},{"key":"bibr66-0967772014532042","first-page":"395","volume":"9","author":"Unknown","year":"1883","journal-title":"Public Health Papers and Reports"},{"key":"bibr67-0967772014532042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1883.02390210008001a"},{"key":"bibr68-0967772014532042","first-page":"339, 440","volume":"10","author":"Unknown","year":"1883","journal-title":"Public Health Papers and Reports"},{"key":"bibr69-0967772014532042","unstructured":"West Virginia honored \u2013 By the presidency of the American Public Health Association.\n                      Wheeling Register\n                      , 19 October 1884, vol. 22, p.4."},{"key":"bibr70-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Dr. Reeves resigns the secretaryship of the State Board of Health.\n                      Wheeling Register,\n                      24 February 1885, vol. 22, p.4."},{"key":"bibr71-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Dr. Reeves\u2019 resignation \u2013 a high medical authority praises his work.\n                      Wheeling Register,\n                      4 March 1885, vol. 22, p.4."},{"key":"bibr72-0967772014532042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/bhm.0.0200"},{"key":"bibr73-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Going south: Dr. James E. Reeves to remove to Chattanooga Thursday \u2013 An outline of the twenty years he has spent in Wheeling \u2013 His fame as a microscopist and sanitary expert.\n                      Wheeling Register,\n                      3 January 1888, vol. 25, p.4."},{"key":"bibr74-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Minutes of the ninth annual meeting.\n                      Proceedings of the American Society of Microscopists\n                      1886; 7: 204, 216."},{"key":"bibr75-0967772014532042","first-page":"1323","volume":"29","author":"Wilson LD","year":"1896","journal-title":"Transactions of the Medical Society of West Virginia"},{"key":"bibr76-0967772014532042","unstructured":"The\n                      Wheeling Register\n                      article of 3 January, 1888 (op. cit\n                      .\n                      ) particularly noted his fame as a microscopist, stating \u201cMany improvements in apparatus are due to Dr. Reeves, and his researches in certain fields have been of the most valuable nature to science.\u201d."},{"key":"bibr77-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Dr. James E. Reeves arrested.\n                      Wheeling Register,\n                      29 August 1893, vol. 29, p.4."},{"key":"bibr78-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Other than information presented at Reeves\u2019 trial, there is little public information on Dr William Riley Amick (1847\u20131900) of Cincinnati. There is a brief biography here, http:\/\/www.findagrave.com (accessed 12 November 2013)."},{"key":"bibr79-0967772014532042","volume-title":"The toadstool millionaires","author":"For a thorough discussion of fraudulent marketing practices used by 19th century patent medicine promoters in the US see Young JH","year":"1961"},{"key":"bibr80-0967772014532042","unstructured":"The justification of Dr. Reeves.\n                      Wheeling Register,\n                      13 July 1895, vol. 33, p.5."},{"key":"bibr81-0967772014532042","first-page":"78","volume":"25","author":"Hamilton JB","year":"1895","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"bibr82-0967772014532042","first-page":"735","volume":"66","author":"Gould GM","year":"1895","journal-title":"Medical News"},{"key":"bibr83-0967772014532042","volume-title":"A hand-book of medical microscopy for students and general practitioners, including chapters on bacteriology, neoplasms, and urinary examinations","author":"Reeves JE","year":"1894"},{"key":"bibr84-0967772014532042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Unknown. Book Review. A Handbook of Medical Microscopy.\n                      Journal of the American Medical Association\n                      1894; 23: 516\u2013517.","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1894.02421180034018"},{"key":"bibr85-0967772014532042","unstructured":"This sales figure is from Reeves himself in a letter to his daughter, Annie, dated 30 March, 1895. Kindly supplied by Joan Webb."},{"key":"bibr86-0967772014532042","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1984.03340260027021"},{"key":"bibr87-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Reeves JE, Ferguson ED. Report of the committee on nominations. Official report of the proceedings in general session, 1895, of the forty-sixth annual meeting.\n                      Journal of the American Medical Association\n                      1895; 24: 765."},{"key":"bibr88-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Dr. James E. Reeves \u2013 Death of the eminent physician yesterday afternoon.\n                      The Sunday Times\n                      (Chattanooga TN), 5 January 1896, p.5."},{"key":"bibr89-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Dr Reeves dying.\n                      Wheeling Register,\n                      20 December 1895, vol. 33, p.8."},{"key":"bibr90-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Funeral of Dr. Reeves.\n                      The Daily Times\n                      (Chattanooga TN), 6 January 1896, p.2."},{"key":"bibr91-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Taken to West Virginia \u2013 Body of Dr. James E. Reeves was shipped last night.\n                      The Chattanooga News,\n                      6 January 1896, p.4."},{"key":"bibr92-0967772014532042","unstructured":"The late Dr. Reeves.\n                      Wheeling Register,\n                      8 January 1896, vol. 33, p.8."},{"key":"bibr93-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Kendall NF.\n                      Mother\u2019s day \u2013 a history of its founding and its founder\n                      . Grafton: D Grant Smith, 1937, pp.9\u201310\n                      .\n                      It is unclear whether Mrs Jarvis was known as Ann or Anna. Census reports from her and her father\u2019s family invariably list her as Ann Marie yet her contemporaries clearly called her Anna. The confusion is compounded by the later role of her daughter, also called Anna Jarvis, as well as James Reeves\u2019 daughter, Anne Elizabeth. Here James\u2019 sister is referred to as Ann Reeves Jarvis."},{"key":"bibr94-0967772014532042","unstructured":"Kendall NF. Mother\u2019s day \u2013 a history of its founding and its founder, Grafton: D Grant Smith, 1937, pp. 16\u201316."},{"key":"bibr95-0967772014532042","unstructured":"A copy of President Woodrow Wilson\u2019s mother\u2019s day proclamation is here, http:\/\/www.archives.gov\/historical-docs\/todays-doc\/?dod-date=509 (accessed 13 January 2014)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Biography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772014532042","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0967772014532042","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772014532042","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:24:52Z","timestamp":1777505092000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0967772014532042"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,6]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0967772014532042"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0967772014532042","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-7720","1758-1087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-7720","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,5,6]]}}}