{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T14:47:41Z","timestamp":1781189261193,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]],"date-time":"2016-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Professor Ludwik Fleck was a famous scientist and a prominent philosopher. Although his life and work were studied extensively, the Second World War period was a subject of some discussion and controversy. On account of his Jewish origin, he was first arrested and moved from the Lw\u00f3w ghetto to the \u2018Laokoon\u2019 factory and then imprisoned in KL Auschwitz-Birkenau and in KL Buchenwald. Fleck produced the anti-typhus vaccine in the chemo-bacteriological laboratory in the Jewish Hospital at Kuszewicza Street and in the \u2018Laokoon\u2019 factory in Lw\u00f3w. During his incarceration in KL Auschwitz-Birkenau, Fleck worked in the camp laboratory in Block 10 carrying out bacteriological studies for the inmates and then was assigned to work in the Wasserman station in Rajsko. From January 1944 Fleck performed routine laboratory tests in Block 50 in KL Buchenwald. Though Fleck had a privileged life in the camp, he participated in the sabotage activities organized by the camp resistance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0967772014532893","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,6,18]],"date-time":"2014-06-18T23:38:33Z","timestamp":1403134713000},"page":"402-408","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Lesser known aspects of Ludwik Fleck\u2019s (1896\u20131961) heroic life during World War II"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Grzybowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Poznan City Hospital, University Medical School, Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Ciesielska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communal Health Center, Zielonka, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0967772014532893","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306312708098609"},{"key":"bibr2-0967772014532893","unstructured":"Fleck L. In the Buchenwald case\/a commentary to the book \u2018Croix Gamm\u00e9e contre Caduc\u00e9e\u2019 by F Bayle, http:\/\/www.ludwik-fleck-kreis.orghttp:\/\/www.ludwik-fleck-kreis.org (accessed 29 September 2012)."},{"key":"bibr3-0967772014532893","unstructured":"Hedfors E.\n                      The reading of Ludwik Fleck. Sources and context.\n                      vol. 7. Licentiate Thesis in philosophy. Stockholm, Sweden: Royal Institute of Technology, 2005, pp.113\u2013119."},{"key":"bibr4-0967772014532893","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schnelle T. Microbiology and Philosophy of Science, Lwaend the German Holocaust: Stations of a life \u2013 Ludwik Fleck 1896\u20131961. In: Cohen RS and Schnelle T (eds)\n                      Cognition and fact\n                      . Materials on Ludwik Fleck, Dordrecht. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data, 1986, pp.3\u201336.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-4498-5_1"},{"key":"bibr5-0967772014532893","unstructured":"Grzybowski A. Ludwik Fleck as a medical scientist, microbiologist and immunologist. In: Michal Kokowski (ed.)\n                      The Global and the Local. The History of Science and the Cultural Integration of Europe\n                      . Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of the European Society for the History of Science, Cracow, Poland, 6\u20139 September 2006. Cracow: Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences. ISBN: 978-83-60183-42-7."},{"key":"bibr6-0967772014532893","first-page":"822","volume":"65","author":"Grzybowski A","year":"2007","journal-title":"Kardiologia Polska"},{"key":"bibr7-0967772014532893","first-page":"110","volume":"26","author":"Grzybowski A","year":"2007","journal-title":"W\u00fcrzburger Medizinhistorische Mitteilungen"},{"key":"bibr8-0967772014532893","first-page":"261","volume":"13","author":"Weisz GM","year":"2011","journal-title":"Israel Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"bibr9-0967772014532893","unstructured":"Schnelle T.\n                      Ludwik Fleck-Leben und Denken. Zur Entstehung und Entwicklung des soziologischen Denkstils in der Wissenschaftsphilosophie\n                      . Master's Thesis, Freiburg: HochschuleVerlag, 1982."},{"key":"bibr10-0967772014532893","unstructured":"Fleck L.\n                      Style my\u015blowe i fakty\n                      . Warszawa: Ed. IFIS PAN, 2007."},{"key":"bibr11-0967772014532893","unstructured":"Fleck L. Pathology of the Holocaust. Investigation of epidemic typhus in the Ghetto of Lw\u00f3w in 1941-1942, http:\/\/www.ludwik-fleck-kreis.org (accessed 29 September 2012)."},{"key":"bibr12-0967772014532893","unstructured":"Fleck L. Testimony for Yad Vashem Archiv 0-3\/650 taken by Dr E Raba on 3 February 1958 in Ramat Awiw."},{"key":"bibr13-0967772014532893","unstructured":"Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum Archives \u2013 documents of SS and Police Hygiene Institute in O\u015bwi\u0119cim."},{"key":"bibr14-0967772014532893","unstructured":"Alphabetical list of 507 persons employed in Prof. Rudolf Weigl Institute (1939\u20131944) according to the document \u2018Professor Rudolf Stefan Weigl and his Institute for Epidemic Typhus in Lw\u00f3w in the years 1939\u20131944\u2019. Published by Muzeum Arsena\u0142, Cieszy\u0144skiego 9, Wroc\u0142aw 1994, http:\/\/www.lwow.home.pl\/weigl\/weiglowcy.html (accessed 29 September 2012)."},{"key":"bibr15-0967772014532893","first-page":"314","volume":"29","author":"Weisz GM","year":"2010","journal-title":"W\u00fcrzburge Medizinhistorische Mitteilungen"},{"key":"bibr16-0967772014532893","unstructured":"Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum Archives \u2013 a list of prisoner workgroups from Untersuchungstelle \u2013 Auschwitz I."},{"key":"bibr17-0967772014532893","unstructured":"Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum Archives \u2013 Pages from Block 20 register and RTG register (camp hospital)."},{"key":"bibr18-0967772014532893","first-page":"172","volume":"1","author":"Kieta M","year":"1980","journal-title":"Przegl Lek O\u015bwi\u0119cim"},{"key":"bibr19-0967772014532893","unstructured":"Bisaga E, Jastrz\u0119bowska N and Maciaszczyk M.\n                      The conservation of the SS-hygiene institute documents.\n                      O\u015bwi\u0119cim: The Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum in O\u015bwi\u0119cim, 2011."},{"key":"bibr20-0967772014532893","unstructured":"Fejkiel W.\n                      Wi\u0119\u017aniarski szpital w KL Auschwitz.\n                      O\u015bwi\u0119cim: Wydawnictwo Pa\u0144stwowego Muzeum w O\u015bwi\u0119cimiu, 1994."},{"key":"bibr21-0967772014532893","first-page":"67","volume":"1","author":"K\u0142odzi\u0144ski S","year":"1969","journal-title":"Przegl\u0105d Lekarski O\u015bwi\u0119cim"},{"key":"bibr22-0967772014532893","unstructured":"Kogon E. Der Staat Das System der deutschen konzentrationslager. Kindler Verlag, M\u00fcnchen, 1946, p.264."},{"key":"bibr23-0967772014532893","unstructured":"Barbarski K. Sabotage in the Ampoule.\n                      Przekr\u00f3j\n                      1947; 99, p.16."},{"key":"bibr24-0967772014532893","unstructured":"Sady W. In: Zalta EN (ed.)\n                      \u2018Ludwik Fleck\u2019, The Stanford encyclopedia of philosophy.\n                      Summer 2012 edition, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305. http:\/\/plato.stanford.edu\/archives\/sum2012\/entries\/fleck\/ (accessed 16 April 2014)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Biography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772014532893","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0967772014532893","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772014532893","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:25:05Z","timestamp":1777505105000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0967772014532893"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0967772014532893"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0967772014532893","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-7720","1758-1087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-7720","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]]}}}