{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:44:11Z","timestamp":1777855451410,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]],"date-time":"2016-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Two famous medical scientists are described whose major advances were made largely from laboratory-based research. Karl Landsteiner, who received the Nobel Prize in 1930, was the discoverer or co-discoverer of the blood groups and the Rhesus factor. He contributed to the understanding of poliomyelitis, syphilis and typhus. He made major contributions to immunology, inter alia by isolating haptens. After World War I, he left Austria and continued his work initially in the Netherlands and then at the Rockefeller Institute in the USA. Otto Loewi, a pharmacologist, received his Nobel Prize (jointly with his life-long friend, Sir Henry Dale) in 1936 for his discovery that acetylcholine was the chemical agent for the stimulation of autonomic nerves to transmit to the organs they govern. He also made numerous other contributions including the demonstration that amino acids could be converted by animals to proteins. He left Austria after the Anschluss and settled in the USA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0967772014533062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,23]],"date-time":"2014-07-23T00:00:53Z","timestamp":1406073653000},"page":"289-301","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The Pre-\n                    <i>Anschluss<\/i>\n                    Vienna School of Medicine \u2013 The medical scientists: Karl Landsteiner (1868\u20131943) and Otto Loewi (1873\u20131961)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Lily BZL","family":"Shaw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert A","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0967772014533062","unstructured":"Shaw Lily BZL and Shaw RA. The Pre-\n                      Anschluss\n                      Vienna School of Medicine. The surgeons: Ignaz Semmelweis (1818\u20131865), Theodor Billroth (1829\u20131894) and Robert B\u00e1r\u00e1ny (1876\u20131936).\n                      Journal of Medical Biography\n                      (in press)."},{"key":"bibr2-0967772014533062","unstructured":"Bertha von Suttner (1843\u20131914), http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/alfred_nobel\/biographical\/articles\/life-work\/suttner.html (accessed 20 April 2014)."},{"key":"bibr3-0967772014533062","unstructured":"Shaw Lily BZL and Shaw RA. The Pre-\n                      Anschluss\n                      Vienna School of Medicine, The physicians: Sigmund Freud (1856\u20131939), Julius Wagner-Jauregg (1857\u20131940) and Karel Wenckebach (1864\u20131940).\n                      Journal of Medical Biography\n                      (in press)."},{"key":"bibr4-0967772014533062","unstructured":"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1930 Karl Landsteiner http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/medicine\/laureates\/1930\/landsteiner-bio.html (accessed 20 April 2014). Rouse P. \u2018Karl Landsteiner\u2019. In:\n                      Obituary notices of fellows of the Royal Society of London\n                      . Vol. 5, 1947, pp.295\u2013324, with bibliography. Landsteiner K, http:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/topic\/Karl_Landsteiner.aspx (accessed 20 April 2014). Karl Landsteiner Biography (1868\u20131943) http:\/\/www.whonamedit.com\/doctor.cfm\/2794.html (accessed 20 April 2014).\n                      Medizinnobelpreis\n                      1930: Karl Landsteiner, Brockhaus Enzyklopedie Online \u2013 2011 Bibliographisches Institut & F. A. Brockhaus AG. \u2018Landsteiner, Karl\u2019. In: Bynum WF and Porter R (eds)\n                      The Oxford Dictionary of Scientific Quotations\n                      . Oxford University Press, 2006."},{"key":"bibr5-0967772014533062","unstructured":"Staudacher AL. \u2018\u2018\u2026 meldet den Austritt aus dem mosaischen Glauben\u2019\u2019. 18,000 Austritte aus dem Judentum in Wien, 1868\u20131914, Namen \u2013 Quellen \u2013 Daten, Peter Lang: Frankfurt a.M, 2009, pp. 349\u2013349."},{"key":"bibr6-0967772014533062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cber.18920250267"},{"key":"bibr7-0967772014533062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cber.189302601105"},{"key":"bibr8-0967772014533062","unstructured":"History of Meningococcal Meningitis, http:\/\/www.meningitis.com\/about\/history-meningitis\/#tab_1887 (accessed 20 April 2014)."},{"key":"bibr9-0967772014533062","unstructured":"Weichselbaum A. http:\/\/www.jewage.org\/wiki\/he\/Article:Anton_Weichselbaum_-_Biography (accessed 18 April 2014)."},{"key":"bibr10-0967772014533062","first-page":"357","volume":"27","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1900","journal-title":"Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Bakteriologie Originale"},{"key":"bibr11-0967772014533062","first-page":"1132","volume":"14","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1901","journal-title":"Wiener klinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"bibr12-0967772014533062","first-page":"1090","volume":"49","author":"von Decastello A","year":"1902","journal-title":"M\u00fcnchener medizinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"bibr13-0967772014533062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2008.00679.x"},{"key":"bibr14-0967772014533062","unstructured":"Mendel Gregor, Experiments in Plan Hybridisation, 1865, Read at the 8 February and 8 March 1865, meetings of the Br\u00fcnn Natural History Society."},{"key":"bibr15-0967772014533062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1438-8677.1900.tb04893.x","volume":"18","author":"Correns C","year":"1900","journal-title":"Berichte der deutschen botanischen Gesellschaft"},{"key":"bibr16-0967772014533062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.13.4.425"},{"key":"bibr17-0967772014533062","unstructured":"Landsteiner K and Richter M.\n                      Ueber die Verwerthbarkeit invidueller Blutdifferencen f\u00fcr die forensische Praxis\n                      (On the utility of individual differences of blood types for the forensic practice).\n                      Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Medizinalbeamte 1903; 16, Wien. Materialen zur Geschichte der Medizin\n                      , http:\/\/www.billrothhaus.at\/index.php?option=com_content&id=67&task=view&Itemid=86 (accessed 20 April 2014)."},{"key":"bibr18-0967772014533062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finger E and Landsteiner K.\n                      \u2018Untersuchungen \u00fcber Syphilis an Affen. II. Mitteilung\u2019\n                      (Investigations on syphilis in apes)\n                      Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien\n                      , 1906,\n                      Abt.\n                      3, 115: 179\u2013200; also in\n                      Archive f\u00fcr Dermatologie und Syphillis\n                      Wien 81: 147\u2013166.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01973203"},{"key":"bibr19-0967772014533062","unstructured":"Mucha V and Landsteiner K.\n                      Fortsetzung ihrer Untersuchungen \u00fcber die Spirochaete pallida (mit Hilfe der Dunkelfeldbeleuchtung\n                      ) [Continuation of their investigations of the\n                      Spirochaete pallida\n                      (with the use of dark field illumination)].\n                      Wiener klinische Wochenschrift\n                      1907; 20:209. Landsteiner K and Mucha V.\n                      Beobachtungen \u00fcber Spirochaete pallida.\n                      (Observations on\n                      Spirochaete pallida\n                      ) (Abstract.),\n                      Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Bakteriologie\n                      Reference 1907; 39: 540\u2013541. Mucha V, http:\/\/www.yasni.de\/viktor+mucha\/person+information (accessed 20 April 2014)."},{"key":"bibr20-0967772014533062","first-page":"1565","volume":"20","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1907","journal-title":"(To the question of the complement binding reaction with syphilis). Wiener klinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"bibr21-0967772014533062","unstructured":"Landsteiner K and Pauli W.\n                      Elektrische Wanderung der Immunstoffe. Wiener medizinische Wochenschrift\n                      1908; 58: 1010\u20131011; also in\n                      Verhandlungen des deutschen Kongresses f\u00fcr innere Medizin\n                      25: 571\u2013574. (Abstract in\n                      Wiener klinische Wochenschrift\n                      , 21, 1201)."},{"key":"bibr22-0967772014533062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945 Wolfgang Pauli, http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/1945\/pauli-bio.html (accessed 20 April 2014).","DOI":"10.1063\/pt.5.2012"},{"key":"bibr23-0967772014533062","first-page":"377","volume":"2","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1909","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Immunologie Forschung Originale"},{"key":"bibr24-0967772014533062","unstructured":"Ferris R. Better Than a Cure: One Man\u2019s Journey to Free the World of Polio. Victoria: Trafford Publishing; 2009. Available from: http:\/\/books.google.co.uk\/books?id=9jzrB3frFL8C&pg=PA43&lpg=PA43&dq=karl+landsteiner+polio+hall+of+fame&source=bl&ots=z7fijxMdCP&sig=ZnmQIIqfbyoffkQLLueJtZhqciU&hl=en&sa=X&ei=rC9UU5aALs3nPM7DgOgE&ved=0CCwQ6AEwADgK#v=onepage&q=hall%20of%20fame&f=false (accessed 20 April 2014)."},{"key":"bibr25-0967772014533062","unstructured":"Landsteiner K and Levaditi C.\n                      La transmission de la paralysie infantile aux singes. Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et des ses Filiales (Paris)\n                      , 1909; 67: 592\u2013594; Levaditi C and Landsteiner K.\n                      La transmission de la paralysie infantile au chimpanze. Comptes Rendus des Seances de l Academie des Sciences (Paris)\n                      1909; 149: 1014\u20131016;\n                      La paralysie infantile experimentale. Comptes Rendus des Seances de l Academie des Sciences (Paris)\n                      1910; 150: 55\u201357;\n                      Recherches sur la paralysie infantile experimentale. Comptes Rendus des Seances de l\u2019Academie des Sciences (Paris)\n                      1910; 150: 131\u2013132;\n                      La poliomyelite experimentale (Cinquieme note). Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et des ses Filiales (Paris)\n                      1910; 68: 311\u2013313;\n                      Etude experimentale de la poliomyelite aigue (Sixieme note). Comptes Rendus des Seances de la Societe de Biologie et des ses Filiales (Paris)\n                      1910; 68: 417\u2013418; Landsteiner K and Levaditi C.\n                      Etude experimentale de la poliomyelite aigue (maladie de Beine-Medin). Annales de l\u2019Institut Pasteur\n                      1910; 24: 833\u2013876."},{"key":"bibr26-0967772014533062","first-page":"35","volume":"3","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1914","journal-title":"Sitzungsberichte der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Wien, Abteilung"},{"key":"bibr27-0967772014533062","first-page":"329","volume":"30","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1921","journal-title":"Koninklijke Nederlandse Akademie van Wetenschappen Verslag"},{"key":"bibr28-0967772014533062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landsteiner K and Levine P.\n                      Further observations on individual differences of human blood\n                      . In:\n                      Proceedings of the Society for experimental biology and medicine\n                      , New York, 1927; Vol. 24, pp.941\u2013942.","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-24-3649"},{"key":"bibr29-0967772014533062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nigg C and Landsteiner K. Studies on the cultivation of the typhus fever rickettsia in the presence of live tissue.\n                      The Journal of Experimental Medicine\n                      1932; 55: 563\u2013576; Note on the cultivation of the typhus fever Rickettsia.\n                      Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine New York\n                      1932; 29: 1291.","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.55.4.563"},{"key":"bibr30-0967772014533062","unstructured":"Landsteiner K.\n                      The specificity of serological reactions\n                      , 1936. Springfield, III. Thomas (New York, 1962), a trans. of Landsteiner\u2019s major work,\n                      Die Spezifitaet der Serologischen Reaktionen\n                      , contains, in additions to a new preface, a bibliography of Landsteiner\u2019s 346 scientific papers compiled by Merrill W Chase."},{"key":"bibr31-0967772014533062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landsteiner K, Strutton WR and Chase MW. On agglutination reactions observed with some human bloods, chiefly among negroes.\n                      The Journal of Immunology\n                      1934; 27: 469\u2013472. Chalmers JNM, Ikin EW and Mourant AE. A study of two unusual blood-group antigens in West Africa.\n                      British Medical Journal\n                      1953; 2: 175\u2013177.","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.27.5.469"},{"key":"bibr32-0967772014533062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Landsteiner K and Wiener AS. An agglutinable factor in human blood recognized by immune sera for Rhesus blood.\n                      Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine New York\n                      1940; 43: 223\u2013224. Studies on an agglutinogen (Rh). in human blood reacting with anti-rhesus sera and with human isoantibodies.\n                      The Journal of Experimental Medicine\n                      1941; 74: 309\u2013320. Landsteiner K, Wiener AS and Matson GA. Distribution of the Rh factor in American Indians.\n                      The Journal of Experimental Medicine\n                      1942; 76: 73\u201378.","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.74.4.309"},{"key":"bibr33-0967772014533062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Royal Society, Fellow details see Landsteiner K (1868\u20131943), http:\/\/rsbm.royalsocietypublishing.org\/content\/obits\/5\/15\/294.full.pdf+html (accessed 20 April 2014).","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbm.1947.0002"},{"key":"bibr34-0967772014533062","unstructured":"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933, Erwin Schr\u00f6dinger, Paul AM Dirac, http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/1933\/schrodinger-bio.html (accessed 20 April 2014)."},{"key":"bibr35-0967772014533062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dale H.\n                      Otto Loewi. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society\n                      1962; 8: 67\u201389, with portrait and bibliography.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbm.1962.0006"},{"key":"bibr36-0967772014533062","unstructured":"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1936 Sir Henry Dale, Otto Loewi, http:\/\/nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/medicine\/laureates\/1936\/loewi-bio.html (accessed 20 April 2014); Otto Loewi Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography 2008. http:\/\/www.encyclopedia.com\/topic\/Otto_Loewi.aspx (accessed 20 April 2014). Loewi O.\n                      British Journal of Pharmacology\n                      1962; 18: 1\u20132, http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC1482161\/pdf\/bripharmchem00062-0007.pdf (accessed 20 April 2014); Loewi O. Introductory remarks, http:\/\/content.karger.com\/ProdukteDB\/Katalogteile\/isbn3_8055\/_80\/_04\/CLNS_02.pdf (accessed 20 April 2014); Otto Loewi Biography (1873\u20131961); Otto Loewi NNDB, http:\/\/www.nndb.com\/people\/507\/000128123 (accessed 20 April 2014)."},{"key":"bibr37-0967772014533062","unstructured":"Jaenicke L D.\n                      Der\n                      \u2018\u2018\n                      Vater des Vagustoffes\u2019\n                      \u2019 \u2013 Otto Loewi (3.6.1873 \u2013 25.12.1961). In: \u2018\u2018\n                      Profile der Biochemie\u2019\u2019.\n                      Stuttgart: Hirzel Verlag, 2007, pp.63\u201368. First published: BIOspektrum (Springer\/SAV, Heidelberg) 2002; 8: 538\u2013540."},{"key":"bibr38-0967772014533062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0735-1097(02)01839-9"},{"key":"bibr39-0967772014533062","unstructured":"Hopkins FG. The pace of science. Birkbeck College, Foundation Oration, 1936. Published by Birkbeck College."},{"key":"bibr40-0967772014533062","unstructured":"The Nomination Database for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, 1901\u20131951, http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/medicine\/nomination\/database.html (accessed 20 April 2014)."},{"key":"bibr41-0967772014533062","unstructured":"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1927 Julius Wagner-Jauregg, http:\/\/nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/medicine\/laureates\/1927\/wagner-jauregg-bio.html (accessed 20 April 2014)."},{"key":"bibr42-0967772014533062","unstructured":"The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936 Victor F Hess, Carl D Anderson, http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/physics\/laureates\/1936\/ (accessed 20 April 2014)."},{"key":"bibr43-0967772014533062","unstructured":"The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1923 Fritz Pregl, http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/chemistry\/laureates\/1923\/pregl-lecture.html (accessed 20 April 2014)."},{"key":"bibr44-0967772014533062","unstructured":"Mr Stephen Matthews, 2011, personal communication."},{"key":"bibr45-0967772014533062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Feigl F. Qualitative analysis by spot tests: inorganic and organic applications. Translated by Janet W Matthews, reported in\n                      The Journal of the American Medical Association\n                      1938; 110: 310, http:\/\/jama.amaassn.org\/content\/110\/4\/310.3.extract (accessed 20 April 2014).","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1938.02790040064029"},{"key":"bibr46-0967772014533062","unstructured":"Feigl F.\n                      Encyclopedia Judaica\n                      , 1 January 2007, http:\/\/www.highbeam.com\/doc\/1G2-2587506326.html (accessed 20 April 2014)."},{"key":"bibr47-0967772014533062","unstructured":"The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1937, Albert von Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi, http:\/\/www.nobelprize.org\/nobel_prizes\/medicine\/laureates\/1937\/szent-gyorgyi-bio.html (accessed 20 April 2014)."},{"key":"bibr48-0967772014533062","unstructured":"Today in science history, Dictionary of Science Quotations, Otto Loewi (3 Jun 1873\u201325 Dec 1961), http:\/\/www.todayinsci.com\/L\/Loewi_Otto\/LoewiOtto-Quotations.htm (accessed 20 April 2014)."},{"key":"bibr49-0967772014533062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01840843"},{"key":"bibr50-0967772014533062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loewi O and Henderson VE.\n                      Untersuchungen zur Physiologie und Pharmakologie der Nierenfunction. V. Mitteilung: Ueber den Mechanismus der Harnstoffdiurese\n                      (Investigations into the physiology and pharmacology of kidney functions. Part V. On the mechanism of urea diurese).\n                      Archiv f\u00fcr Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie\n                      1905; 53: 49\u201355\n                      . (Ueber die Wirkung der Vasodilatatorenreizung\n                      (On the effect of vasodilatory irritation).\n                      Archiv f\u00fcr Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie\n                      1905; 53: 56\u201361;\n                      Ueber den Einfluss von Pilocarpin und Atropin auf die Durchblutung der Unterkieferspeicheldr\u00fcse. Ein Beitrag zur Frage nach den Beziehungen zwischen Organt\u00e4tigkeit und Organdurchblutung\n                      (On the effect of pilocarpine and atropine on the perfusion of the mandible salivary gland. A contribution to the question of the relationship between organ function and organ perfusion).\n                      Archiv f\u00fcr Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie\n                      1905; 53: 62\u201375).","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01840847"},{"key":"bibr51-0967772014533062","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01840844"},{"key":"bibr52-0967772014533062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loewi O.\n                      Ueber Eiweisssynthese im Tierk\u00f6rper\n                      (On protein synthesis in the animal body).\n                      Archiv f\u00fcr Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie\n                      1902; 48: 303\u2013330. (\n                      Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Physiologie\n                      1902; 15: 590\u2013591).","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01824701"},{"key":"bibr53-0967772014533062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Loewi O.\n                      Ueber humorale Uebertragbarkeit der Herznervenwirkung. I. Mitteilung\n                      (On the transferability of the humoral heart nerve effect. Part I.).\n                      Pfl\u00fcgers Archiv f\u00fcr die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere\n                      1921; 189: 239\u2013242;\n                      Ueber humorale Uebertragbarkeit der Herznervenwirkung. II. Mitteilung\n                      (On the transferability of the humoral heart nerve effect. Part II.).\n                      Pfl\u00fcgers Archiv f\u00fcr die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere\n                      1922; 193: 201\u2013213;\n                      Weitere Untersuchungen \u00fcber humorale Uebertragbarkeit der Herznervenwirkungen\n                      (Further investigations on the transferability of the humoral heart nerve effect).\n                      Klinische Wochenschrift\n                      1922; 1: 22\u201323;\n                      Ueber humorale Uebertragbarkeit der Herznervenwirkung\n                      (On the transferability of the humoral heart nerve effect).\n                      Naturwissenschaften\n                      1922; 10: 52\u201355;\n                      Verhandlungen der deutschen pharmakologischen Gesellschaft\n                      , Nr. I, xxiv. in\n                      Archiv f\u00fcr Experimentelle Pathologie und Pharmakologie\n                      1922; 92.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02331588"},{"key":"bibr54-0967772014533062","volume-title":"Ein Lebensbild in Dokumenten, Fred Lembeck and Wolfgang Giere","author":"Otto Loewi","year":"1968"},{"key":"bibr55-0967772014533062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mrs Stern Margarete, 2012, personal communication.","DOI":"10.1063\/pt.4.0429"},{"key":"bibr56-0967772014533062","unstructured":"Noe Christian R and Bader Alfred, Facts are better than dreams, http:\/\/voh.chem.ucla.edu\/vohtar\/winter03\/classes\/14B-1\/pdf\/14b12r4.pdf (accessed 20 April 2014)."},{"key":"bibr57-0967772014533062","unstructured":"Barkovets Pavel, Kuvaldin Stanislav, 139th Anniversary of Mendeleev\u2019s periodic table, Russkiy MIR foundation, Mar 13, 2008. http:\/\/www.russkiymir.ru\/russkiymir\/en\/publications\/articles\/article0115.html (accessed 20 April 2014)."},{"key":"bibr58-0967772014533062","unstructured":"Freud Sigmund, 1899, \u2018\u2018\n                      Die Traumdeutung\u2019\u2019\n                      , Franz Deuticke, Leipzig & Wien; The interpretation of dreams, translated by AA Brill, 1913. 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