{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T09:11:16Z","timestamp":1783069876040,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]],"date-time":"2015-10-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1445904000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This review of the original autopsy report of Beethoven's remains indicates Paget's disease within the skull, which was dense and twice normal thickness, with dilated vessels at the petrous bone. The facial nerves were enlarged and the eighth nerves atrophied despite their sharing a common meatus at the internal auditory canal. Nephrolithiasis and pyelonephritis with cortical and perinephric abscesses were also reported. The hypercalcaemia was probably caused by hyperparathyroidism, which may be associated with Paget's disease, and both may have played a role in his psychiatric symptoms as well as in his abdominal pain and gastrointestinal complaints. Since Paget's disease may also be associated with gout, some of the joint pains could be attributable to this as well. Hypovitaminosis A from chronic pancreatitis is suggested as a cause of painful eyes and either quinine abuse or severe hypercalcaemia as a cause of arrhythmias. Beethoven died of terminal cirrhosis with chronic pancreatitis, most likely related to chronic excessive intake of alcohol. Thus, Paget\u2019s disease, complicated by hyperparathyroidism, gout, and attempts to find relief of symptoms through the use of alcohol, quinine, and possibly salicylates can explain virtually all of Beethoven's medical problems, some of which appear to have influenced his musical compositions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0967772015575883","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]],"date-time":"2015-10-27T22:39:30Z","timestamp":1445985570000},"page":"139-147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Beethoven's autopsy revisited: A pathologist sounds a final note"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Stanley J","family":"Oiseth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Phelps Memorial Hospital, Sleepy Hollow, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0967772015575883","unstructured":"Thayer AW, Krehbiel HE, Dieters H, et\u00a0al.\n                      The life of Ludwig Van Beethoven, Vol 3\n                      . 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Gout and other disorders of purine metabolism. In: Fauci AS, Braunwald E, Isselbacher KJ (eds)\n                      Harrison's principles of internal medicine\n                      . New York, NY: McGraw-Hill 1997, pp.2159\u20132166."},{"key":"bibr49-0967772015575883","unstructured":"Ferry AP. Gout. In: Gold DH and Weingeist TA (eds)\n                      The eye in systemic disease\n                      . Ambler, Pennsylvania: JB Lippincott Co. 1990, pp.396\u2013398."},{"key":"bibr50-0967772015575883","unstructured":"Kohler KH and Herre G (eds).\n                      Ludvig van Beethoven: Konversationschefte.\n                      Leipzig, Germany: VEB Deutscher Verlag f\u00fcr Musik l968, pp.58."},{"key":"bibr51-0967772015575883","unstructured":"Schindler A.\n                      Biographie von Ludvig van Beethoven, Vol. II\n                      . 1st ed. 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Photograph of the skull of Beethoven, 77.077-B, in the \u00d6sterreichische Nationalbibliotek Bildarchiv und Grafiksammlung. Reprinted with permission."},{"key":"bibr70-0967772015575883","unstructured":"Standring S (ed). Gray's Anatomy, 40th ed, Fig 37.4, p. 637, 1988. Copyright Elsevier, Oxford. Reprinted with permission."}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Biography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772015575883","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0967772015575883","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772015575883","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:25:15Z","timestamp":1777505115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0967772015575883"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0967772015575883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0967772015575883","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-7720","1758-1087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-7720","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,10,27]]}}}