{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:44:21Z","timestamp":1777855461077,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]],"date-time":"2016-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468022400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Paul Klee was a major contributor to the development of modern European art. An ethnic German (although born in Switzerland) and a German citizen, he was persecuted by the Nazi government on political rather than racial grounds because of his allegedly \u201cdegenerate\u201d artistic style. Dismissed from his teaching position, he emigrated to Switzerland in 1933; shortly afterward he became ill with systemic sclerosis and struggled with this condition for the remaining years of his life. Many publications have examined the effect of social rejection and illness on his art, but the present study considers the effect of these adversities on Klee\u2019s attitude toward his fellow humans. After being an extreme misanthrope in his early adult years, he developed an attitude of cosmic indifference toward humanity during the First World War, which he then maintained until the end of 1939. Although his rejection by Germany had been a significant emotional blow, it was the physical suffering caused by his illness that led him, at the end of his life, to show compassion toward the suffering of other individuals. In this he was like tragic figures such as King Lear who learned from their great misfortunes to value humanity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0967772015575886","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,5,30]],"date-time":"2015-05-30T01:17:24Z","timestamp":1432948644000},"page":"42-52","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Paul Klee (1879\u20131940) as a tragic figure: What the artist learned from his illness"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"WR","family":"Albury","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Humanities, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"GM","family":"Weisz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Humanities, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia. School of Humanities and Languages, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0967772015575886","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02666286.1986.10435360"},{"key":"bibr2-0967772015575886","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4104301"},{"key":"bibr3-0967772015575886","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grohmann W. Paul Klee, London: Lund Humphries, 1954, pp. 29\u201329.","DOI":"10.2307\/25293046"},{"key":"bibr4-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Grohmann W.\n                      Paul Klee: drawings\n                      , tr. Guterman N. New York: Harry N Abrams, 1960, pp. 16, 33."},{"key":"bibr5-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 4, p. 35."},{"key":"bibr6-0967772015575886","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/15691640-12341269"},{"key":"bibr7-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Klee P.\n                      The diaries of Paul Klee, 1898\u20131918\n                      . In: Klee F, tr. Schneider PB, Zachery RY, et\u00a0al. (eds) Berkeley: University of California Press, 1964, p. 313, no. 951."},{"key":"bibr8-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Schuster P-K. The world as fragment: building blocks of the Klee universe. In: Scholz D and Thomson C (eds)\n                      The Klee universe: exhibition catalogue of the Neue Nationalgalerie, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin\n                      , tr. Hause M, Schleussner L, Southard J, et al. Ostfildern: Hatje Cantz Verlag, 2008, pp. 15\u201323, at 16."},{"key":"bibr9-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 4, p. 16."},{"key":"bibr10-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 3, pp. 25\u201326, 9."},{"key":"bibr11-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Franciscono M. Paul Klee: his work and thought, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1991, pp. 286\u2013287."},{"key":"bibr12-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 3, pp. 26, 92."},{"key":"bibr13-0967772015575886","first-page":"4","volume":"45","author":"LeRoy EC","year":"1996","journal-title":"Bulletin on the Rheumatic Diseases"},{"key":"bibr14-0967772015575886","first-page":"19","volume":"5","author":"Keller C","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dermatopathology"},{"key":"bibr15-0967772015575886","first-page":"23","volume":"5","author":"Dotz W","year":"1999","journal-title":"Dermatopathology"},{"key":"bibr16-0967772015575886","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.bor.0000144759.30154.84"},{"key":"bibr17-0967772015575886","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suter, H.\n                      Paul Klee and his illness: bowed but not broken by suffering and adversity\n                      , tr. McKay G and McKay N. Basel: Karger, 2010.","DOI":"10.1159\/isbn.978-3-8055-9382-3"},{"key":"bibr18-0967772015575886","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10067-014-2785-x"},{"key":"bibr19-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Daemgen A. Melancholy. In: Ref. 8 (Scholz and Thomson), pp. 325\u2013326, at 325."},{"key":"bibr20-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 11, pp. 23, 232."},{"key":"bibr21-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Haftmann W. The mind and work of Paul Klee, London: Faber and Faber, 1967, pp. 191\u2013192."},{"key":"bibr22-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Moholy-Nagy S. Introduction. In: Klee P (ed.)\n                      Pedagogical Sketchbook\n                      , tr. Moholy-Nagy S. New York: Praeger, 1960, pp. 7\u201312, at 8."},{"key":"bibr23-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Shakespeare W.\n                      The tragedy of King Lear\n                      . In: Wells S and Taylor G (eds)\n                      Shakespeare, the complete works\n                      . Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988, pp. 943\u2013974."},{"key":"bibr24-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Klee F.\n                      Paul Klee: his life and work in documents\n                      , tr. Winston R and Winston C. New York: George Braziller, 1962, p. 141."},{"key":"bibr25-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 7, p. 320, no. 963."},{"key":"bibr26-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 17, p. 45."},{"key":"bibr27-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 11, pp. 52, 64."},{"key":"bibr28-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 24, p. 137."},{"key":"bibr29-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 7, p. 169, no. 603."},{"key":"bibr30-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 11, pp. 31\u201332."},{"key":"bibr31-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 8 (Schuster), p. 16."},{"key":"bibr32-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 7, pp. 35, 36, nos. 90, 96 (early 1900); no. 420 (June 1902)."},{"key":"bibr33-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 7, p. 186, no. 690."},{"key":"bibr34-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 7, pp. 123\u2013124, no. 425."},{"key":"bibr35-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 7, p. 198, no. 759."},{"key":"bibr36-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Thomson C. Note on\n                      Hakimora vor seiner letzten Erhebung\n                      , 1918. In: Ref. 8 (Scholz and Thomson), pp. 351\u2013352, at 352."},{"key":"bibr37-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 17, p. 67."},{"key":"bibr38-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 11, p. 32."},{"key":"bibr39-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Werckmeister OK. The making of Paul Klee\u2019s career, 1914\u20131920, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989, pp. 2\u20132."},{"key":"bibr40-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 11, p. 73."},{"key":"bibr41-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 7, p. 194, no. 747."},{"key":"bibr42-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 7, p. 334, no. 987."},{"key":"bibr43-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Thomson C. Music. In: Ref. 8 (Scholz and Thomson), pp. 223\u2013224, at 223."},{"key":"bibr44-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 7, pp. 344\u2013345, no. 1008 (1916)."},{"key":"bibr45-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 7, p. 360, no. 1043 (1916)."},{"key":"bibr46-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 7, p. 380, no. 1090 (1917); 387\u2013388, no. 1106 (1918)."},{"key":"bibr47-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Thomson C. Note on\n                      Praecisionen (Precisions)\n                      , 1927. In: Ref. 8 (Scholz and Thomson), pp. 358\u2013359, at 358."},{"key":"bibr48-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 39, p. 80."},{"key":"bibr49-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 39, p. 229."},{"key":"bibr50-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 11, p. 269."},{"key":"bibr51-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 39, p. 194."},{"key":"bibr52-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 11, pp. 242, 369."},{"key":"bibr53-0967772015575886","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00043249.1991.10791484"},{"key":"bibr54-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Thomson C. War. In: Ref. 8 (Scholz and Thomson), pp. 299\u2013300, at 300."},{"key":"bibr55-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 53, pp. 88\u201389."},{"key":"bibr56-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Scholz D. \u201cBerlin has it all\u201d: Paul Klee, Berlin and the Nationalgalerie. In: Ref. 8 (Scholz and Thomson), pp. 53\u201367, at 61\u201362."},{"key":"bibr57-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 11, pp. 167, 354."},{"key":"bibr58-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 17, p. 30."},{"key":"bibr59-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 39, p. 171."},{"key":"bibr60-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Daemgen A. Biography. In: Ref. 8 (Scholz and Thomson), pp. 345\u2013349, at 346."},{"key":"bibr61-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 11, p. 269."},{"key":"bibr62-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 17, pp. 39\u201343."},{"key":"bibr63-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 17, pp. 58, 102."},{"key":"bibr64-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 11, p. 52."},{"key":"bibr65-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Scholz D. Note on\n                      Invention 1: Weib u. Tier\n                      , 1904. In: Ref. 8 (Scholz and Thomson), p. 350."},{"key":"bibr66-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Klee P.\n                      Notebooks, volume 1: the thinking eye\n                      . Spiller J (ed), tr. Manheim R. London: Lund Humphries, 1961, pp. 92\u201393."},{"key":"bibr67-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 11, p. 74."},{"key":"bibr68-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 7, p. 144, no. 514."},{"key":"bibr69-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Zentrum Paul Klee, Bern. Viewable online at: http:\/\/www.emuseum.zpk.org\/eMuseumPlus."},{"key":"bibr70-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 3, p. 349."},{"key":"bibr71-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 4, p. 39."},{"key":"bibr72-0967772015575886","first-page":"126","volume":"25","author":"Schiff G","year":"1987","journal-title":"Artforum"},{"key":"bibr73-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Staatliche Museen, Berlin. Viewable online at: http:\/\/www.wga.hu\/html_m\/d\/durer\/2\/11\/4\/04mother.html."},{"key":"bibr74-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 11, p. 314."},{"key":"bibr75-0967772015575886","unstructured":"Ref. 21, pp. 184\u2013185."}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Biography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772015575886","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0967772015575886","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772015575886","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:25:12Z","timestamp":1777505112000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0967772015575886"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0967772015575886"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0967772015575886","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-7720","1758-1087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-7720","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,9]]}}}