{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:44:14Z","timestamp":1777855454109,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]],"date-time":"2015-09-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1442534400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article reviews the life and work of Sir William O\u2019Shaughnessy Brooke (formerly Sir William Brooke O'Shaughnessy), an Edinburgh doctor of medicine and Fellow of the Royal Society who as a young doctor in London analysed the blood and excreta of cholera victims, an action which led to the first successful use of intravenous replacement therapy. His career in India was distinguished in several spheres: chemistry, pharmacology in which he introduced cannabis indica to Europe, and in the field of electric telegraphy where he became the superintendent of telegraphs for India.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0967772015596276","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]],"date-time":"2015-09-18T20:18:06Z","timestamp":1442607486000},"page":"186-196","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Sir William Brooke O\u2019Shaughnessy (1808\u20131889), MD, FRS, LRCS Ed: Chemical pathologist, pharmacologist and pioneer in electric telegraphy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Neil","family":"MacGillivray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of History, Classics and Archaeology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0967772015596276","unstructured":"William Brooke O\u2019Shaughnessy,\n                      Report on the Chemical Pathology of the Malignant Cholera: containing analyses of the blood, dejections, &c. of patients labouring under that disease in Newcastle and London, &c\n                      , London: Highley, 1832; William Brooke O'Shaughnessy,\n                      Bengal Pharmacopoeia and General Conspectus of Medicinal Plants. Arranged according to the Natural and Therapeutical Systems\n                      : Published by Order of Government, Calcutta, Bishop\u2019s College, 1844; William Brooke O'Shaughnessy,\n                      The Electric Telegraph in British India: a Manual of Instruction for the Subordinate Officers, Artificers, and Signallers employed in this Department\n                      , London for the Court of the Directors of the East India Company, 1853. In this article I have used his original surname O\u2019Shaughnessy rather than Brooke which he adopted in 1861 although the DNB uses Brooke: Katherine Prior, \u2018Brooke, Sir William O'Shaughnessy (1808\u20131889)\u2019, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/20895 (2004, accessed 15 February 2015)."},{"key":"bibr2-0967772015596276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorman M Sir William Brooke O\u2019Shaughnessy, FRS. (1809\u20131889), Anglo-Indian forensic chemist.\n                      Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London\n                      1984; 39: 51\u201364; Gorman M. Sir William O\u2019Shaughnessy, Lord Dalhousie, and the Establishment of the Telegraph System in India. Technology and culture.\n                      The International Quarterly of the Society for the History of Technology\n                      1971; 12: 581\u2013601.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsnr.1984.0004"},{"key":"bibr3-0967772015596276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bridge JA. Sir William Brooke O\u2019Shaughnessy, M.D., FRS., FRCS. F.S.A. A biographical appreciation by an electrical engineer.\n                      Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London\n                      1998; 52: 103\u2013120.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsnr.1998.0038"},{"key":"bibr4-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Coakley D.\n                      Irish masters of medicine\n                      . Dublin: Town House, 1992, p.149."},{"key":"bibr5-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Trinity College Dublin MS 758, folio 34r. I am grateful to the Librarian of Trinity College, Dublin who provided me with these details of O\u2019Shaughnessy who was recorded as a Roman Catholic, born in County Clare."},{"key":"bibr6-0967772015596276","unstructured":"University of Edinburgh Matriculation Records."},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr7-0967772015596276.1","unstructured":"Comrie JD. History of Scottish Medicine. London: Bailliere, Tindall & Cox for the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum, 1932, pp.610, 623, 628-629"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr7-0967772015596276.2","unstructured":"Morrell J. Hope, Thomas Charles (1766-1844). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/13738 (2004, accessed 1 July 2015)."},{"key":"bibr8-0967772015596276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morell J. Practical chemistry in the University of Edinburgh. 1799\u20131843.\n                      Ambix\n                      1969; 16: 67\u201369.","DOI":"10.1179\/000269869791519675"},{"key":"bibr9-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Reid graduated MD in 1830 and Turner left Edinburgh for London in 1827. The lives of both men are in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online ed. www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/27848 (2014, accessed 25 January 2015)."},{"key":"bibr10-0967772015596276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Shaughnessy WB. On the mode of detecting nitric acid, and the total inefficiency of the new test of decolorizing the sulphate of indigo.\n                      Lancet\n                      1830; 1: 330\u2013333.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)96003-4"},{"key":"bibr11-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Turner E.\n                      Elements of chemistry: including the recent discoveries and doctrines of the science\n                      . Philadelphia: John Grigg, 1829; Christison R.\n                      A treatise on poisons: in relation to medical jurisprudence, physiology and the practice of physic\n                      . Edinburgh: Adam Black, 1829."},{"key":"bibr12-0967772015596276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brock WH.\n                      Turner, Edward (1796\u20131837)\n                      . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/27848 (2014, accessed 25 January 2015).","DOI":"10.1093\/ref:odnb\/27848"},{"key":"bibr13-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Justus von Liebig (1803\u20131873) was appointed professor of chemistry at Giessen aged twenty-one in 1824 and became one of Europe\u2019s great research chemists. For a biography of von Liebig see William H Brock,\n                      Justus von Liebig: the chemical gatekeeper\n                      , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992."},{"key":"bibr14-0967772015596276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Shaughnessy WB. On the detection of iodine and the hydriodate of potash.\n                      Lancet\n                      1830; 14: 633\u2013638.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)98952-X"},{"key":"bibr15-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Gorman, Sir William Brooke O\u2019Shaughnessy, FRS. (1809\u20131889), Anglo-Indian Forensic Chemist, 55; for life of Thomas Wakley see David Sharp, Thomas Wakley (1795\u20131862): a biographical sketch, published online: 16 May 2012 (accessed 24 January 2015)."},{"key":"bibr16-0967772015596276","unstructured":"For a biography of Chevallier see Alex Berman. J.B.A Chevallier, pharmacist-chemist: a Major Figure in 19th Century French Public Health.\n                      Bulletin of the History of Medicine\n                      1978; 52: 200\u2013213."},{"key":"bibr17-0967772015596276","unstructured":"O\u2019Shaughnessy WB. Poisoned Confectionary.\n                      Lancet\n                      1830\u20131831; 2: 193\u2013198. This article was part of Wakley\u2019s campaign against food adulteration in association with the physician Arthur Hill Hallam and the German chemist, Frederick Accum (1769\u20131838),\n                      A treatise on adulterations of food and culinary poisons : exhibiting the fraudulent sophistications of bread, beer, wine, spirituous liquors, tea, coffee, cream, confectionery, vinegar, mustard, pepper, cheese, olive oil, pickles and other articles employed in domestic economy; and methods of detecting them.\n                      London: J. Martin, 1807."},{"key":"bibr18-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Jean Guillaume Lugol, Essays on the Effect of Iodine in Scrofulous Diseases, translated by WB O\u2019Shaughnessy\n                      , London: S Highley, 1831. Jean Guillaume Auguste Lugol (1786\u20131851) was a French physician."},{"key":"bibr19-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Gorman. Sir William Brooke O\u2019Shaughnessy, FRS. (1809\u20131889), Anglo-Indian forensic chemist. 58 quoting M. Jeanne Peterson,\n                      The medical profession in Mid-Victorian London\n                      . Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978, pp.6\u20138."},{"key":"bibr20-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Morning Post\n                      , 27 April 1831 p.1 published a notice from O\u2019Shaughnessy postponing for a week a public meeting of the medical profession to discuss the proposed London College of Medicine."},{"key":"bibr21-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Standard\n                      , 10 November 1831 pp.3 &4 recorded the cholera outbreak in Sunderland, an emergency meeting of the Board of Health and the arrival of Drs Russell and Barry from Russia on 9 November."},{"key":"bibr22-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Morning Post\n                      , 22 June 1831 p.4 reported that the Board of Health had been established on 21 June."},{"key":"bibr23-0967772015596276","unstructured":"William Russell and David Barry.\n                      Official reports made to government on the disease called cholera spasmodica, as observed by them during their mission to Russia in 1831, with an appendix, and other papers relating to that disease\n                      , London: Winchester and Varnham, 1832."},{"key":"bibr24-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Comrie,\n                      History of Scottish Medicine\n                      . p. 767; Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, www.oxforddnb.com (accessed 20 January 2015). It is remarkable that Russell and Wylie were born in Scotland about twenty miles apart \u2013 the former near Edinburgh and Wylie in Kincardine on Forth."},{"key":"bibr25-0967772015596276","unstructured":"\u2018Second Report from Drs Russell and Barry, St Petersburg, 16 July 1831\u2019, Supplement,\n                      Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal\n                      , 1832. clxi\u2013clxvi."},{"key":"bibr26-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Russell & Barry. Official Reports, p.35."},{"key":"bibr27-0967772015596276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Underwood EA. The history of cholera in Great Britain.\n                      Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine\n                      1947; 41: 165.","DOI":"10.1177\/003591574804100309"},{"key":"bibr28-0967772015596276","unstructured":"O\u2019Shaughnessy WB\n                      . Report on the Chemical Pathology of the Malignant Cholera: containing analyses of the blood, dejections, &c. of patients labouring under that disease in Newcastle and London, &c\n                      . London: Highley, 1832."},{"key":"bibr29-0967772015596276","unstructured":"McGrew RE. The first Russian cholera epidemic: themes and opportunities.\n                      Bulletin of the History of Medicine\n                      1962; 36: 229. Jaehnichen advocated that the disease should be treated by injection of water into the veins and on one occasion he did inject intravenously a mixture of acetic acid and water but despite a return of the pulse the patient died within two hours."},{"key":"bibr30-0967772015596276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howard-Jones N. Cholera therapy in the nineteenth century.\n                      Journal of the History of Medicine\n                      1972; 27: 387.","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/XXVII.4.373"},{"key":"bibr31-0967772015596276","unstructured":"O\u2019Shaughnessy.\n                      Report on the Chemical Pathology of the Malignant Cholera\n                      , p.399."},{"key":"bibr32-0967772015596276","unstructured":"O\u2019Shaughnessy.\n                      Report on the Chemical Pathology of the Malignant Cholera\n                      , p.52."},{"key":"bibr33-0967772015596276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Shaughnessy WB. Proposal of a new method of treating the blue epidemic cholera by the injection of highly-oxygenised salts into the venous system.\n                      Lancet\n                      1831; 1: 366\u2013371.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)94163-2"},{"key":"bibr34-0967772015596276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"O\u2019Shaughnessy. Experiments on blood in cholera.\n                      Lancet\n                      1831\u20131832; 1: 490.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)94389-8"},{"key":"bibr35-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Letter from Dr T Latta:\n                      Lancet\n                      1832; 2: 274\u2013281."},{"key":"bibr36-0967772015596276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Howard-Jones. Cholera Therapy in the Nineteenth Century, p. 373.","DOI":"10.1093\/jhmas\/XXVII.4.373"},{"key":"bibr37-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Report of the Edinburgh General Board of Health, 16 November 1832,\n                      Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal\n                      1832; 37: 220\u2013221."},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr38-0967772015596276.1","unstructured":"Parkes EA. Researches into the pathology and treatment of the Asiatic or algide cholera. London: John Churchill, 1847, p.205"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr38-0967772015596276.2","unstructured":"Rosenberg C. The Cholera Years. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962, p.67 quoting Sir Thomas Watson (1792-1882)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr38-0967772015596276.3","unstructured":"Norman Moore, 'Watson, Sir Thomas, first baronet (1792-1882)', rev. Anita McConnell, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/28871, (accessed 30 January 2015)"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr38-0967772015596276.4","unstructured":"Mark Harrison, 'Parkes, Edmund Alexander (1819-1876)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/21352 (accessed 30 January 2015)."},{"key":"bibr39-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Lancet\n                      1831\u20131832; 2: 227 in which O\u2019Shaughnessy discussed increased serum albumen levels, presumably from loss of fluid;\n                      Lancet\n                      1832; 2: 603."},{"key":"bibr40-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Lancet\n                      1832; 2: 284."},{"key":"bibr41-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Mackintosh J\n                      . Principles of pathology and practice of physic\n                      . 4th ed. London: Longman Rees, 1836, pp.335\u2013369."},{"key":"bibr42-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Christison R. Letter on saline in cholera.\n                      London Medical Gazette\n                      1832; 10: 451\u2013453."},{"key":"bibr43-0967772015596276","unstructured":"I am grateful to Dr Henry Noltie, Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh for this reference and for a copy of Graham\u2019s letter, the original of which is in the archives of the Calcutta Botanic Garden. Graham was appointed to his post as Keeper in January 1820 and was responsible for establishing the Garden in its present Inverleith situation; Anita McConnell, \u2018Graham, Robert (1786\u20131845)\u2019, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online ed., May 2007 [www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/11222, accessed 30 January 2015]; Boulger GS, \u2018Wallich, Nathaniel (1785\u20131854)\u2019, rev. Andrew Grout, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online ed., May 2005 [www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/28564, accessed 30 January 2015]."},{"key":"bibr44-0967772015596276","unstructured":"There are several articles the reader might find useful in studying the first use of intravenous saline: Moon JB.\n                      New England Journal of Medicine\n                      1967; 276: 283\u2013284; Cosnett JE.\n                      Lancet\n                      1989; 333: 768\u2013771; Foex BA.\n                      Emergency Medicine Journal\n                      2003; 20:316\u2013318; MacGillivray N.\n                      Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh\n                      2006; 36: 80\u201385. An interesting recent paper is by Gill G. William O\u2019Shaughnessy and the forgotten cure for cholera in the 1832 British Epidemic.\n                      Medical Historian\n                      2015; 25:19\u201330."},{"key":"bibr45-0967772015596276","unstructured":"McCosh J.\n                      Medical advice to the Indian stranger\n                      . London: Allen & Co., 1841, pp.2, 19, 22\u201323."},{"key":"bibr46-0967772015596276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorman M. Sir William B.O\u2019Shaughnessy, Pioneer Chemical Educator in India.\n                      Ambix\n                      1983; 30: 108.","DOI":"10.1179\/amb.1983.30.2.107"},{"key":"bibr47-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Gorman. Sir William B.O\u2019Shaughnessy, Pioneer Chemical Educator in India,\u2019\n                      Ambix\n                      : 109."},{"key":"bibr48-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Millar AH, \u2018Reid, David Boswell (1805\u20131863)\u2019, rev. Ralph Harrington, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004, www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/23327 (accessed 30 January 2015)."},{"key":"bibr49-0967772015596276","unstructured":"William O\u2019Shaughnessy,\n                      The Bengal dispensatory and pharmacopoeia: chiefly compiled from the works of Roxburgh, Wallich, Ainslie, Wight and Arnot, Royle, Pereira, Lindley, Richard, and Fee, and including the results of numerous special experiments\n                      , Calcutta: Bishop\u2019s College Press, 1841;Woodward BB, \u2018Royle, John Forbes (1798\u20131858)\u2019, rev. Mark Harrison, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online ed., May 2010 [www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/24239, accessed 12 February 2015; for Wight\u2019s life see, Noltie HJ,\n                      The life and work of Robert Wight\n                      , 3 volumes, Edinburgh: Royal Botanic Garden, 2007."},{"key":"bibr50-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Agnew RAL. Forbes, Sir John (1787\u20131861), Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online ed. www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/9841 (2013, accessed 12 February 2015)."},{"key":"bibr51-0967772015596276","unstructured":"William O\u2019Shaughnessy. On the preparation of the Indian Hemp or Gunjah (Cannabis Indica), their effects on the animal system in health, and their utility in the treatment of tetanus and other convulsive diseases.\n                      British and Foreign Medical Review\n                      1840; x: 225\u2013228."},{"key":"bibr52-0967772015596276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anon. New remedy for tetanus and other convulsive disorders.\n                      Lancet\n                      1840; 2: 539\u2013541.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)84415-4"},{"key":"bibr53-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Pereira J.\n                      The elements of materia medica\n                      . London: Longman, Orme, 1839, p.1301."},{"key":"bibr54-0967772015596276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mills J.\n                      Cannabis Britannica, Empire, Trade and Prohibition 1800\u20131928\n                      . Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003, p.39.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780199249381.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr55-0967772015596276","unstructured":"idem."},{"key":"bibr56-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Christison A. On Cannabis Indica, Unpublished MD Thesis, University of Edinburgh 1850, p.60."},{"key":"bibr57-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Christison A. On the natural history, action and uses of Indian Hemp.\n                      Edinburgh Medical Journal\n                      1851; xix: 26\u201345."},{"key":"bibr58-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Mills, Cannabis Britannica, p.41."},{"key":"bibr59-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Copy Certificate of a Candidate for Election to the Fellowship of the Royal Society of London. I am grateful to the Archivist of the Royal Society for providing me with this. Among his sponsors were Royle, Forbes and Pereira."},{"key":"bibr60-0967772015596276","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gorman M. \u2018Sir William O\u2019Shaughnessy, Lord Dalhousie, and the Establishment of the Telegraph System in India\u2019.\n                      Technology and culture\n                      1971; 12: 583.","DOI":"10.2307\/3102572"},{"key":"bibr61-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Robert S Culley.\n                      A handbook of practical telegraphy\n                      . London: Longman, 1863, p.vii; James Burnley, \u2018Cooke, Sir William Fothergill (1806\u20131879)\u2019, rev. Brian Bowers, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online ed., January 2011 [www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/6192, accessed 30 January 2015]; Thompson SP. \u2018Wheatstone, Sir Charles (1802\u20131875)\u2019, rev. Brian Bowers, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online ed., January 2011 [www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/29184, accessed 30 January 2015]."},{"key":"bibr62-0967772015596276","unstructured":"William O\u2019Shaughnessy.\n                      The Electric Telegraph in British India: a Manual of Instruction for the Subordinate Officers, Artificers, and Signallers employed in this Department\n                      , London for Court of the Directors of East India Company, 1853."},{"key":"bibr63-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Sir William Lee-Warner.\n                      The life of the Marquis of Dalhousie KT\n                      . London: Macmillan and Co., 1904, pp.191\u2013194; David J. Howlett. Ramsay, James Andrew Broun, first Marquis of Dalhousie (1812\u20131860). Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online ed. www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/article\/23088 (2011, accessed 30 January 2015)."},{"key":"bibr64-0967772015596276","unstructured":"Adams M,\n                      Memoir of Surgeon-Major Sir William O\u2019Shaughnessy Brook [sic] in connection with the early history of the telegraph in India\n                      , Simla: Government Central Printing Office, 1889, Reprinted Kessinger Legacy Reprints, USA, no date."}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Biography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772015596276","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0967772015596276","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772015596276","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:25:15Z","timestamp":1777505115000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0967772015596276"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]},"references-count":68,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0967772015596276"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0967772015596276","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-7720","1758-1087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-7720","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,18]]}}}