{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:44:29Z","timestamp":1777855469935,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]],"date-time":"2016-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1457654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Maksymilian Rutkowski (1867\u20131947) was a distinguished graduate of the Jagiellonian University and a pioneer in the early days of surgery in interwar Poland. He was a long-standing leader in both clinical and academic surgery. In addition, he played an important role in the founding of the School for Nurses and Healthcare Workers in Cracow supported by the Rockefeller Foundation. Among his best known surgical techniques, one may list the novel procedure of bladder exstrophy, new techniques of gastroenterostomy and plastic restoration of the oesophagus. Although Rutkowski\u2019s reputation as a medical figure is well established within Polish medical history, his achievements are hardly recognized by international scholars. Thus, in the absence of adequate historical information on this eminent surgeon, we have researched the main facts about his life and seminal contribution to Polish and international surgery.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0967772016637740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]],"date-time":"2016-03-11T22:09:18Z","timestamp":1457734158000},"page":"175-181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u2018How well, not how much\u2019: The life and career of Maksymilian Rutkowski (1867\u20131947)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Pekacka-Falkowska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History of Medical Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Halina","family":"Bogusz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of History of Medical Sciences, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0967772016637740","first-page":"42","volume":"4","author":"Nowicki S","year":"1948","journal-title":"Przegl Lek"},{"key":"bibr2-0967772016637740","first-page":"137","volume-title":"Zas\u0142u\u017ceni dla medycyny. Europejczycy zwi\u0105zani z polsk\u0105 ziemi\u0105. Distinguished in their services to medicine. Europeans from the Polish soil","author":"Zwolski S","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr3-0967772016637740","first-page":"20","volume":"26","author":"Korczy\u0144ski E","year":"1887","journal-title":"Przegl Lek"},{"key":"bibr4-0967772016637740","first-page":"353","volume":"3","author":"Hammer A","year":"1878","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Medical Sciences"},{"key":"bibr5-0967772016637740","first-page":"609","volume":"44","author":"Anonymous","year":"1894","journal-title":"Przegl Lek"},{"key":"bibr6-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Tochowicz L, et\u00a0al. (ed)\n                      Sze\u015b\u0107setlecie medycyny krakowskiej\n                      .\n                      W\n                      sze\u015b\u0107setlecie\n                      Uniwersytetu Jagiello\u0144skiego\n                      [Six Hunderth Anniversary of Cracow Medicine]. Vol. 1:\n                      \u017byciorysy\n                      [People]. Krak\u00f3w: PWN, 1963, p.164."},{"key":"bibr7-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Tochowicz L, et\u00a0al. (ed)\n                      Sze\u015b\u0107setlecie medycyny krakowskiej\n                      .\n                      W\n                      sze\u015b\u0107setlecie\n                      Uniwersytetu\n                      Jagiello\u0144skiego [Six Hundredth Anniversary of Cracow Medicine]. Vol. 2:\n                      Historia katedr\n                      [History of Chairs]. Krak\u00f3w: PWN, 1964, pp.268\u2013275."},{"key":"bibr8-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Ibid."},{"key":"bibr9-0967772016637740","first-page":"361","volume":"26","author":"Anonymous","year":"1899","journal-title":"Przeg Lek"},{"key":"bibr10-0967772016637740","first-page":"979","volume":"50","author":"Anonymous","year":"1937","journal-title":"Pol Gaz Lek"},{"key":"bibr11-0967772016637740","first-page":"48","volume":"1","author":"Goscinski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Przeg Lek"},{"key":"bibr12-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Nowicki S. (op. cit. ref. 1): p.42."},{"key":"bibr13-0967772016637740","first-page":"50","volume":"4","author":"Bogusz J","year":"1948","journal-title":"Przegl Lek"},{"key":"bibr14-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Nowicki S (op. cit. ref. 1): p.44."},{"key":"bibr15-0967772016637740","first-page":"4","volume":"155","author":"Anonymous","year":"1913","journal-title":"Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny"},{"key":"bibr16-0967772016637740","first-page":"6","volume":"153","author":"Anonymous","year":"1915","journal-title":"Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny"},{"key":"bibr17-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Zaremba J. Prof. M.R.\n                      Chir Narz Ruchu i Ortopedia\n                      1948; 13: 14\u201315."},{"key":"bibr18-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Anonymous.\n                      Dziennik Personalny Ministerstwa Spraw Wojskowych Nr 7 z 28.02.1920 r.\n                      [Personal News No. 7. The Polish Ministry of Military Affairs]. Warszawa: Wyd. MSW, 1920, p.127."},{"key":"bibr19-0967772016637740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-012-1588-y"},{"key":"bibr20-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Anonymous.\n                      Kronika Uniwersytetu Jagiello\u0144skiego za lata 1930\/31. 1931\/32, 1932\/33\n                      [The Jagiellonian University Chronicle]. Krakow: Wydawnictwo UJ, 1933, p.151."},{"key":"bibr21-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Anonymous (op. cit. ref. 10): p.979."},{"key":"bibr22-0967772016637740","first-page":"961","volume":"29","author":"Bogusz J","year":"1957","journal-title":"Pol Prz Chir"},{"key":"bibr23-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Bogusz J (op. cit. ref. 13): p.51."},{"key":"bibr24-0967772016637740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00268-011-1160-1"},{"key":"bibr25-0967772016637740","volume":"1","author":"Rutkowski M","year":"1929","journal-title":"Chirurgia Clinica Polonica"},{"key":"bibr26-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Szarejko P. Rutkowski Maksymilian. In\n                      : Slownik lekarzy polskich XIX wieku\n                      [Dictionary of Polish Physicians in the 19th Century], vol. 2. Warszawa: Wyd. Naukowe Semper, 1994, pp.253\u2013258."},{"key":"bibr27-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Anonymous (op. cit. ref. 10): p.980."},{"key":"bibr28-0967772016637740","first-page":"45","volume":"4","author":"Walter F","year":"1948","journal-title":"Przegl Lek"},{"key":"bibr29-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Nowicki S (op. cit. ref. 1): p.44."},{"key":"bibr30-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Szarejko P (op. cit. ref. 26): p.257."},{"key":"bibr31-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Bogusz J (op. cit. ref. 13): p.53."},{"key":"bibr32-0967772016637740","first-page":"5","volume":"98","author":"Anonymous","year":"1923","journal-title":"Ilustrowany Kuryer Codzienny"},{"key":"bibr33-0967772016637740","first-page":"960","volume":"49","author":"Anonymous","year":"1936","journal-title":"Pol Gaz Lek"},{"key":"bibr34-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Szarejko P (op. cit. ref. 26): pp.256\u2013257."},{"key":"bibr35-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Nowicki S (op. cit. ref. 1): p.45."},{"key":"bibr36-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Walter F (op. cit. ref. 28): pp.45\u201346."},{"key":"bibr37-0967772016637740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-007-0227-y"},{"key":"bibr38-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Rutkowski M. Plastyka p\u0119cherza [Plastic Operation of Bladder]. In:\n                      Zbi\u00f3r prac wydany ku czci pami\u0119ci prof. dra Alfreda Obali\u0144skiego przez grono ostatnich jego uczni\u00f3w i wsp\u00f3\u0142pracownik\u00f3w\n                      . Krak\u00f3w: Wyd. UJ, 1899, pp.254\u2013265."},{"key":"bibr39-0967772016637740","first-page":"473","volume":"16","author":"Rutkowski M","year":"1899","journal-title":"Zentralbl Chir"},{"key":"bibr40-0967772016637740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-189907000-00018"},{"key":"bibr41-0967772016637740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00120-007-1606-0"},{"key":"bibr42-0967772016637740","volume":"34","author":"Krynski L","year":"1895","journal-title":"Przeg Lek"},{"key":"bibr43-0967772016637740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2014.00010"},{"key":"bibr44-0967772016637740","first-page":"1057","volume":"26","author":"Rutkowski M","year":"1899","journal-title":"Zentralbl Chir"},{"key":"bibr45-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Mohynian B. Adominal operations, Philadelphia and London: W.B. Saunders, 1905, pp. 141\u2013141."},{"key":"bibr46-0967772016637740","first-page":"134","volume":"2","author":"Rutkowski M","year":"1923","journal-title":"Polski Przegl\u0105d Chirurgiczny"},{"key":"bibr47-0967772016637740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-193007000-00005"},{"key":"bibr48-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Dengel L. Un cas d\u2019operation plastique de l\u2019oesophage. In:\n                      IX. Congr\u00e8s de la Soc. internat. Chir. Madrid, 15\u201318 mars 1932. Rapports, proc\u00e8s-verbaux et discussions, publi\u00e9s\n                      . Bruxelles: Impr. m\u00e9dicale et scientifique (s.a.), 1932, s.p."},{"key":"bibr49-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Torek F. Surgery of the Esophagus. In:\n                      Nelson Loose-Leaf Living Surgery\n                      . Vol. 4. New York: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1927, p.231."},{"key":"bibr50-0967772016637740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Derra E (ed).\n                      Handbuch der Thoraxchirurgie\/Encyclopedia of Thoracic Surgery\n                      : Band 3\/Volume 3: Spezieller Teil 2\/Special Part. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1958, pp.1063\u20131067.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-92729-4"},{"key":"bibr51-0967772016637740","volume-title":"Operations am \u00d6sophagus","author":"Nissen R","year":"1954"},{"key":"bibr52-0967772016637740","first-page":"257","volume-title":"Zas\u0142u\u017ceni dla medycyny. Europejczycy zwi\u0105zani z polsk\u0105 ziemi\u0105. Distinguished in their services to medicine. Europeans from the Polish soil","author":"Zwolski S","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr53-0967772016637740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/003591574603900717"},{"key":"bibr54-0967772016637740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000658-197906000-00001"},{"key":"bibr55-0967772016637740","first-page":"193","volume":"54","author":"Popiela T","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology"},{"key":"bibr56-0967772016637740","first-page":"399","volume":"52","author":"Rutkowski M","year":"1913","journal-title":"Przeg Lek"},{"key":"bibr57-0967772016637740","first-page":"444","volume":"30","author":"Rutkowski M","year":"1913","journal-title":"Przeg Lek"},{"key":"bibr58-0967772016637740","first-page":"53","volume":"3","author":"Kostanecki","year":"1913","journal-title":"Przeg Lek"},{"key":"bibr59-0967772016637740","first-page":"719","volume":"4","author":"Rutkowski M","year":"1925","journal-title":"Pol Gaz Lek"},{"key":"bibr60-0967772016637740","unstructured":"Dengel L and Rutkowski M. La thoracoplastie dans le traitement de la tuberculose pulmonaire. In:\n                      VIIe Conf. de l\u2019Union Inter Contre la Tuberculose\n                      . Oslo: A.W. Br\u00f8ggers, 1930, p.380."},{"key":"bibr61-0967772016637740","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Zarys dziejow chirurgii polskiej [History of Polish Surgery]","author":"Karwowski A","year":"2011"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Biography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772016637740","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0967772016637740","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772016637740","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:25:25Z","timestamp":1777505125000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0967772016637740"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]]},"references-count":61,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0967772016637740"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0967772016637740","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-7720","1758-1087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-7720","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,11]]}}}