{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:44:34Z","timestamp":1777855474406,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,24]],"date-time":"2016-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479945600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Karl Landsteiner applied the sciences of biochemistry, pathology, microbiology, and immunology in medical research to great success during the first half of the 20th century. Although he is principally known for elucidating the major blood group antigens A and B and their isoantibodies for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, Landsteiner made many other important medical discoveries. In that respect, he ascertained that paralytic poliomyelitis was due to a virus, the pancreas was damaged in cystic fibrosis, simple chemicals called haptens were able to combine with antibodies, and the Rh antigen that was later found to be the principal cause of hemolytic anemia of the newborn was found in most humans. Moreover, Landsteiner\u2019s book \u201cThe Specificity of Serological Reactions\u201d was a precursor to the molecular revolution in immunology that occurred after Second World War. Finally, he was one of the leaders of the American Association of Immunology and of the Journal of Immunology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0967772016670558","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,24]],"date-time":"2016-11-24T21:50:25Z","timestamp":1480024225000},"page":"67-75","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Karl Otto Landsteiner (1868\u20131943). Physician\u2013biochemist\u2013immunologist"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Armond S","family":"Goldman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank C","family":"Schmalstieg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0967772016670558","first-page":"1132","volume":"14","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1901","journal-title":"Wiener Klinischw Wochenschrift"},{"key":"bibr2-0967772016670558","first-page":"38","volume":"15","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1902","journal-title":"Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"bibr3-0967772016670558","first-page":"744","volume":"16","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1902","journal-title":"Wiener Klinische Rundechau"},{"key":"bibr4-0967772016670558","first-page":"95","volume":"16","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1903","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Medizinalbeamte"},{"key":"bibr5-0967772016670558","volume":"8","author":"Handbuch der biochemie des menschen und der tiere","year":"1908","journal-title":"H\u00e4magglutinin und H\u00e4molyse"},{"key":"bibr6-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.73.1894.403"},{"key":"bibr7-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2003.04295.x"},{"key":"bibr8-0967772016670558","first-page":"377","volume":"2","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1909","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Immunitatsforschung"},{"key":"bibr9-0967772016670558","first-page":"903","volume":"16","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1905","journal-title":"Centralblatt f\u00fcr allgemeine Pathologie und pathologische Anatomie"},{"key":"bibr10-0967772016670558","first-page":"193","volume":"21","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1914","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Immunit\u00e4tsforschung und experimentelle Therapie. Jena. Originale"},{"key":"bibr11-0967772016670558","first-page":"293","volume":"26","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1917","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Immunit\u00e4tsforschung und experimentelle Therapie. Jena Originale"},{"key":"bibr12-0967772016670558","first-page":"294","volume":"119","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1921","journal-title":"Biochemische Zeitschrift"},{"key":"bibr13-0967772016670558","volume-title":"The specificity of serological reactions","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1945"},{"key":"bibr14-0967772016670558","first-page":"237","volume":"24","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1922","journal-title":"De Proceedings van de Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam. Section of sciences"},{"key":"bibr15-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-24-3521"},{"key":"bibr16-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.14.1.81","volume":"14","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1927","journal-title":"Journal of Immunology"},{"key":"bibr17-0967772016670558","first-page":"174","volume":"58","author":"Donath J","year":"1905","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fur klinische Medizin"},{"key":"bibr18-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01973203"},{"key":"bibr19-0967772016670558","first-page":"109","volume":"20","author":"Mucha V","year":"1907","journal-title":"Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"bibr20-0967772016670558","first-page":"2","volume":"41","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1908","journal-title":"Zentralblatt f\u00fcr Bakteriologie I. Abteilung Referate"},{"key":"bibr21-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-28-5125"},{"key":"bibr22-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.55.4.563"},{"key":"bibr23-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/jmb.2010.010009"},{"key":"bibr24-0967772016670558","volume-title":"Entdecker der Blutgruppen","author":"Speiser P","year":"1961"},{"key":"bibr25-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-7963(98)80086-2"},{"key":"bibr26-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-56340-9_1"},{"key":"bibr27-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511817717"},{"key":"bibr28-0967772016670558","first-page":"13","volume":"16","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1892","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Physiologische Chemie"},{"key":"bibr29-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cber.18960290117"},{"key":"bibr30-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cber.18920250267"},{"key":"bibr31-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cber.189302601105"},{"key":"bibr32-0967772016670558","first-page":"573","volume":"5","author":"Weichselbaum A","year":"1887","journal-title":"Fortschrift der Medizin"},{"key":"bibr33-0967772016670558","first-page":"273","volume":"15","author":"Bordet J","year":"1899","journal-title":"Annales de L'Institut Pasteur"},{"key":"bibr34-0967772016670558","first-page":"257","volume":"14","author":"Bordet J","year":"1900","journal-title":"Annales de L'Institut Pasteur"},{"key":"bibr35-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2002.03675.x"},{"key":"bibr36-0967772016670558","first-page":"90","volume":"36","author":"Crete A","year":"1869","journal-title":"Zeitschrift fur Rationelle Medizin"},{"key":"bibr37-0967772016670558","volume-title":"Die Transfusion des Blutes","author":"Landois L","year":"1875"},{"key":"bibr38-0967772016670558","volume":"27","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1900","journal-title":"Centralblatt f\u00fcr Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde und Infektions-krankheiten. Jena Originale"},{"key":"bibr39-0967772016670558","first-page":"250","volume":"73","author":"Ehrlich P","year":"1901","journal-title":"Verhandlung der Gesellschafter deutscher Nat\u00fcrforscher und Arzte: Versammulung zu Hamburg (Leipzig)"},{"key":"bibr40-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/jmb.2008.008006"},{"key":"bibr41-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/155.3.995","volume":"155","author":"Owen R","year":"2000","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"bibr42-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0028-1142018"},{"key":"bibr43-0967772016670558","first-page":"146","volume":"103","author":"Luger A","year":"1991","journal-title":"Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"bibr44-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.1938.01980140114013"},{"key":"bibr45-0967772016670558","first-page":"239","volume":"19","author":"Pasteur L","year":"1880","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus Hebdomadires des S\u00e9ances de l\u2019Academie des Sciences"},{"key":"bibr46-0967772016670558","first-page":"1378","volume":"92","author":"Pasteur L","year":"1881","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie des Science"},{"key":"bibr47-0967772016670558","unstructured":"Pasteur L.\n                      R\u00e9sultats de l\u2019application de la methode pour pr\u00e9venir la rage, apr\u00e8s morsure\n                      . Institute de France. \u2013 Academie des Sciences. Gauthier-Villars, Imprimeur-Libraire de l\u2019\u00c9cole Polytechnique, de Bureau des Longitudes, Successur de Mallet-Bachelier, Quai des Augustins, 55, 1886, pp.1\u201313."},{"key":"bibr48-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1258\/j.jmb.2006.05-30"},{"key":"bibr49-0967772016670558","first-page":"592","volume":"67","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1909","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus des S\u00e9ances de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Biologie et de ses Filiales"},{"key":"bibr50-0967772016670558","first-page":"787","volume":"67","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1909","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus des S\u00e9ances de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Biologie et de ses Filiales"},{"key":"bibr51-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1909.92550200027002g"},{"key":"bibr52-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1909.92550230039003a"},{"key":"bibr53-0967772016670558","first-page":"833","volume":"24","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1910","journal-title":"Annales Institute Pasteur"},{"key":"bibr54-0967772016670558","first-page":"805","volume":"25","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1911","journal-title":"Annales Institute Pasteur"},{"key":"bibr55-0967772016670558","first-page":"558","volume":"71","author":"Landsteiner K","year":"1911","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus des S\u00e9ances de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Biologie et de ses Filiales"},{"key":"bibr56-0967772016670558","volume-title":"A history of poliomyelitis","author":"Paul JR","year":"1971"},{"key":"bibr57-0967772016670558","first-page":"740","volume":"68","author":"Levaditi C","year":"1911","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus des S\u00e9ances de la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 de Biologie et de ses Filiales"},{"key":"bibr58-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.109.2822.85"},{"key":"bibr59-0967772016670558","volume-title":"The 1954 Salk poliomyelitis vaccine field trial","author":"Marks HM","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr60-0967772016670558","volume-title":"The cost of the world war to Germany and Austria-Hungary","author":"Grebler L","year":"1940"},{"key":"bibr61-0967772016670558","first-page":"221","volume":"19","author":"Koch R","year":"1882","journal-title":"Berliner klinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"bibr62-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1207546"},{"key":"bibr63-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-49-13670"},{"key":"bibr64-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-43-11151"},{"key":"bibr65-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.74.4.309"},{"key":"bibr66-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.26.2.149"},{"key":"bibr67-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1935.02760400005002"},{"key":"bibr68-0967772016670558","volume-title":"Kuby immunology","author":"Kindt TJ","year":"2007","edition":"6"},{"key":"bibr69-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-25-4001"},{"key":"bibr70-0967772016670558","volume-title":"Preface. Lectures on the comparative pathology of inflammation","author":"Metchnikoff E","year":"1893"},{"key":"bibr71-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspl.1899.0121"},{"key":"bibr72-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3801"},{"key":"bibr73-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.157.4.1149"},{"key":"bibr74-0967772016670558","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/302575a0"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Biography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772016670558","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0967772016670558","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772016670558","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:25:30Z","timestamp":1777505130000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0967772016670558"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,24]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0967772016670558"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0967772016670558","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-7720","1758-1087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-7720","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,24]]}}}