{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:44:49Z","timestamp":1777855489581,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,26]],"date-time":"2018-01-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1516924800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper aims to investigate the character and etiological basis of German poet Johann Wolfgang von Goethe\u2019s mental disorder. From 1898, German neuropsychiatrist Paul Julius M\u00f6bius developed the hypothesis that Goethe\u2019s work provided several hints for the notion that the German poet suffered from a distinct bipolar disorder. The paper investigates M\u00f6bius\u2019s psychopathographic study on Goethe and his hypothesis of a mood periodicity in Goethe against the mirror of modern concepts. M\u00f6bius came to the conclusion that Goethe\u2019s illness was bipolar in character and became visible at intervals of seven years and lasted for about two years. The majority of M\u00f6bius\u2019s contemporary psychiatric colleagues (Emil Kraepelin, Max Isserlin, Ernst Kretschmer, Josef Breuer) supported this view which has still not been convincingly challenged. In present-day terms, M\u00f6bius\u2019s hypothesis can be best mirrored as a subclinical foundation of mood disorder. Furthermore, with his extensive study, M\u00f6bius disproved the common notion that Goethe had suffered from an illness as the result of a syphilitic infection.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0967772017743880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,26]],"date-time":"2018-01-26T05:36:22Z","timestamp":1516944982000},"page":"174-180","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Goethe: A bipolar personality? Periodicity of affective states in Johann Wolfgang von Goethe as reflected by Paul Julius M\u00f6bius"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Holger","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Sch\u00f6nknecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Saxon State Hospital Arnsdorf, Arnsdorf, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0967772017743880","unstructured":"Steinberg H.\n                      Als ob ich zu einer steinernen Wand spr\u00e4che. Der Nervenarzt Paul Julius M\u00f6bius. Eine Werkbiografie\n                      . Bern: Huber, 2005."},{"key":"bibr2-0967772017743880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-003-1569-3"},{"key":"bibr3-0967772017743880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-005-0872-2"},{"key":"bibr4-0967772017743880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2004-830297"},{"key":"bibr5-0967772017743880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0033-1360260"},{"key":"bibr6-0967772017743880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-013-3826-4"},{"key":"bibr7-0967772017743880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2003-36685"},{"key":"bibr8-0967772017743880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awr040"},{"key":"bibr9-0967772017743880","volume-title":"Ueber den physiologischen Schwachsinn des Weibes","author":"M\u00f6bius PJ","year":"1900"},{"key":"bibr10-0967772017743880","first-page":"348","volume":"2","author":"M\u00f6bius PJ","year":"1898","journal-title":"Das Leben. Vierteljahrsschrift f\u00fcr Gesellschaftswissenschaften und sociale Cultur"},{"key":"bibr11-0967772017743880","unstructured":"M\u00f6bius PJ.\n                      Goethe.\n                      2 vol., 2nd ed. Leipzig: Barth, 1909."},{"key":"bibr12-0967772017743880","unstructured":"M\u00f6bius PJ.\n                      Ueber das Pathologische bei Goethe\n                      . Leipzig: Barth, 1898."},{"key":"bibr13-0967772017743880","unstructured":"M\u00f6bius PJ.\n                      Goethe\n                      . 2 vol. Leipzig: Barth, 1903."},{"key":"bibr14-0967772017743880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-008-2622-z"},{"key":"bibr15-0967772017743880","unstructured":"Anonymus [presumably M\u00f6bius, PJ]. Review of: Ueber das Pathologische bei Goethe von P. J. M\u00f6bius.\n                      Schmidts Jahrb\u00fccher der in- und ausl\u00e4ndischen gesammten Medizin\n                      1899; 261: 111\u2013112."},{"key":"bibr16-0967772017743880","first-page":"1644","volume":"45","author":"M\u00f6bius PJ","year":"1898","journal-title":"M\u00fcnchener Medizinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"bibr17-0967772017743880","first-page":"200","volume":"30","author":"Kraepelin E","year":"1907","journal-title":"Centralblatt f\u00fcr Nervenheilkunde und Psychiatrie"},{"key":"bibr18-0967772017743880","unstructured":"Kraepelin E. Paul Julius M\u00f6bius 1853\u20131907. In: Kirchhoff T (ed.)\n                      Deutsche Irren\u00e4rzte\n                      . Vol. 2. Berlin: Springer, 1924, pp.274\u2013279."},{"key":"bibr19-0967772017743880","first-page":"208","volume":"9","author":"Isserlin M","year":"1905","journal-title":"Umschau. \u00dcbersicht \u00fcber die Fortschritte und Bewegungen auf dem Gesamtgebiet Wissenschaft, Technik, Literatur und Kunst"},{"key":"bibr20-0967772017743880","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kretschmer E.\n                      Geniale Menschen\n                      . Berlin: Springer, 1929.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-28703-3"},{"key":"bibr21-0967772017743880","unstructured":"Breuer J. Brief an A. F. Seligmann. In: M\u00f6bius PJ (ed.)\n                      \u00dcber das Pathologische bei Goethe\n                      . M\u00fcnchen: Matthes & Seiz, 1982, pp.6\u20137."},{"key":"bibr22-0967772017743880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000139945"},{"key":"bibr23-0967772017743880","first-page":"100","volume":"18","author":"Theopold W","year":"1983","journal-title":"Medizinhistorisches Journal"},{"key":"bibr24-0967772017743880","unstructured":"Roback AA.\n                      Weltgeschichte der Psychologie und Psychiatrie\n                      . Olten & Freiburg: Walter, 1970."},{"key":"bibr25-0967772017743880","first-page":"678","volume":"6","author":"Heinemann K","year":"1903","journal-title":"Neue Jahrb\u00fccher f\u00fcr das Klassische Altertum Geschichte und Deutscher Literatur"},{"key":"bibr26-0967772017743880","first-page":"476","volume":"54","author":"Weygandt W","year":"1907","journal-title":"M\u00fcnchener Medizinische Wochenschrift"},{"key":"bibr27-0967772017743880","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000139925"},{"key":"bibr28-0967772017743880","unstructured":"Wyrsch J. Wege der Psychopathologie und Psychiatrie. In: Balmer H (ed.)\n                      Die europ\u00e4ischen Traditionen\n                      (Die Psychologie des 20. Jahrhunderts, vol. 1). 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