{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:44:45Z","timestamp":1777855485834,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]],"date-time":"2018-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1539820800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>William Rutherford Sanders spent a childhood and early student days divided between Edinburgh and Montpelier, France before graduating in Medicine in Edinburgh. An early interest in the spleen was encouraged by a two-year period in Europe where he became familiar with the work of Helmholtz, Bernard and Henle. Returning to Edinburgh, his growing experience led to the position of assistant in the Infirmary pathology department. He conducted classes in the University of Edinburgh and on behalf of the Royal Colleges became familiar with the museum of the Royal College of Surgeons where he was chosen as Conservator in 1853. Criticised by 20th century historians for concentrating on verbal teaching rather than on the conservation of the museum, Sanders became a consultant physician to the Royal Infirmary in 1861 and in 1869 Professor of General Pathology. Throughout these years, Sanders gave as much time as possible to the study of the structure and function of the spleen and to neurological disorders such as hemiplegia. His later life was interrupted by a series of illnesses commencing with an abdominal abscess. A prolonged convalescence allowed the resumption of work but deranged vision and hemiplegia preceded his death on 18 February 1881.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0967772018801740","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]],"date-time":"2018-10-18T10:03:24Z","timestamp":1539857004000},"page":"120-123","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["William Rutherford Sanders (1828\u20131881), anatomist, physician, linguist and museum conservator"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Dugald","family":"Gardner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"5\/4 Fountainhall Court, Edinburgh, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0967772018801740","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obituary: William Rutherford Sanders.\n                      British Medical Journal\n                      1881; 1: 321\u2013322.","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.1052.321-a"},{"key":"bibr2-0967772018801740","unstructured":"Obituary: William Rutherford Sanders.\n                      Edinburgh Medical Journal\n                      1881; 4: 439\u2013449."},{"key":"bibr3-0967772018801740","unstructured":"Logan Turner A.\n                      Story of a great hospital. The Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh 1729\u20131929\n                      . Edinburgh: James Thin: The Mercat Press, 1979."},{"key":"bibr4-0967772018801740","unstructured":"The Universite de Montpelier, founded in 1289 in southeast France, is one of the oldest in the world."},{"key":"bibr5-0967772018801740","unstructured":"Sanders WR. Bachelier-es-lettres de l\u2019Universite de Montpelier."},{"key":"bibr6-0967772018801740","unstructured":"Sanders WR.\n                      On the anatomy of the spleen\n                      . MD thesis University of Edinburgh, 1849. (The thesis was awarded a gold medal.)."},{"key":"bibr7-0967772018801740","unstructured":"Sanders WR. On the structure of the spleen.\n                      Annals of Anatomy and Physiology\n                      1850; 1: 49\u2013104."},{"key":"bibr8-0967772018801740","first-page":"84","volume":"16","author":"Sanders WR","year":"1853","journal-title":"Monthly Journal of Medical Science"},{"key":"bibr9-0967772018801740","unstructured":"Friedrich Gustav Jacob Henle (1809\u20131885), a microscopist known for his description of the renal \u2018loop of Henle\u2019."},{"key":"bibr10-0967772018801740","first-page":"270","volume":"13","author":"Sanders WR","year":"1851","journal-title":"Edinburgh Monthly Medical Journal"},{"key":"bibr11-0967772018801740","first-page":"40","volume":"15","author":"Sanders W.R","year":"1852","journal-title":"Edinburgh Monthly Journal of Medical Science"},{"key":"bibr12-0967772018801740","unstructured":"Daniel Rutherford Haldane FRSEd, Pathologist and Physician to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh."},{"key":"bibr13-0967772018801740","first-page":"187","volume":"18","author":"Sanders WR","year":"1854","journal-title":"Monthly Journal of Medical Science"},{"key":"bibr14-0967772018801740","first-page":"417","volume":"14","author":"Sanders WR","year":"1854","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Practical Medicine and Surgery"},{"key":"bibr15-0967772018801740","first-page":"417","volume":"14","author":"Sanders WR","year":"1854","journal-title":"British and Foreign Medico-Chirurgical Disease"},{"key":"bibr16-0967772018801740","volume-title":"The Museum of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh","author":"Tansey V","year":"1982"},{"key":"bibr17-0967772018801740","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)58394-X"},{"key":"bibr18-0967772018801740","first-page":"244","volume":"11","author":"Sanders WR","year":"1865","journal-title":"Edinburgh Medical Journal"},{"key":"bibr19-0967772018801740","first-page":"641","volume":"12","author":"Duchenne de Bulogne GBA","year":"1858","journal-title":"Archives Generals de Medicine"},{"key":"bibr20-0967772018801740","first-page":"141","volume":"11","author":"Sanders WR","year":"1865","journal-title":"Edinburgh Medical Journal"},{"key":"bibr21-0967772018801740","first-page":"714","volume":"13","author":"Sanders WR","year":"1868","journal-title":"Edinburgh Medical Journal"},{"key":"bibr22-0967772018801740","unstructured":"Douglas Moray Cooper Lamb Argyll Robertson became known as an ophthalmologist and surgeon."},{"key":"bibr23-0967772018801740","unstructured":"Thirty-nine of these letters came from colleagues in Edinburgh, James Syme, Surgeon-in-Ordinary to the Queen being the first of these. Eleven letters arrived from Glasgow with six from St Andrews, Aberdeen or other Scottish centres. Thirty letters of approbation arrived from England and nine from Ireland while among the eighteen from overseas were outstanding testimonials from Rokitansky in Vienna and Rudolph Virchow in Berlin. A letter also came from Samuel Gross in Pennsylvania."},{"key":"bibr24-0967772018801740","first-page":"429","volume":"19","author":"Sanders WR","year":"1873","journal-title":"Edinburgh Medical Journal"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Biography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772018801740","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0967772018801740","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772018801740","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:25:38Z","timestamp":1777505138000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0967772018801740"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0967772018801740"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0967772018801740","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-7720","1758-1087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-7720","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,18]]}}}