{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:44:53Z","timestamp":1777855493460,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]],"date-time":"2019-01-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1548201600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Robert Furchgott was first noted for research on drug\u2013receptor theory, autonomic neuroeffector mechanisms, and vascular pharmacology\/physiology. His studies on drug\u2013receptor interactions provided important knowledge about the properties of drug receptors long before methodologies were developed to study them directly. However, Furchgott achieved an enduring legacy for recognizing the importance of endothelial cells for the relaxation of vascular smooth muscle. On the basis of his own experiments and those of others, he proposed that acetylcholine interacted with muscarinic receptors at the surface of endothelial cells to release a substance called endothelium relaxing factor. Endothelium relaxing factor was later identified as nitric oxide, a colorless, odorless gas. Furchgott\u2019s discovery of an entirely new mechanism by which blood vessels dilate revolutionized studies on the physiology of the vascular system. His work also suggested new treatments for hypertension and heart disease, and was a key factor in the development of the anti-impotence drug sildenafil. In 1998, Robert Furchgott shared the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Ferid Murad and Louis Ignarro.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0967772018825365","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,24]],"date-time":"2019-01-24T01:31:15Z","timestamp":1548293475000},"page":"41-46","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Robert Furchgott (1916-2009): A scientist with a mission"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4902-4516","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ronald P.","family":"Rubin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University at Buffalo, State University of New York, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0967772018825365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furchgott\u2019s autobiography. http:\/\/www.nobel.se\/medicine\/laureates\/1998\/furchgott-autobio.html. For additional details of Furchgott\u2019s early life see also: Furchgott RF. A research trail over half a century.\n                      Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology\n                      1995; 35: 1\u201327.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pharmtox.35.1.1"},{"key":"bibr2-0967772018825365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.17.2.117","volume":"17","author":"Furchgott RF","year":"1940","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Biology"},{"key":"bibr3-0967772018825365","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)72114-5"},{"key":"bibr4-0967772018825365","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.102.2655.489"},{"key":"bibr5-0967772018825365","first-page":"129","volume":"108","author":"Furchgott RF","year":"1953","journal-title":"Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics"},{"key":"bibr6-0967772018825365","first-page":"183","volume":"7","author":"Furchgott RF","year":"1955","journal-title":"Pharmacological Reviews"},{"key":"bibr7-0967772018825365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Furchgott RF. The classification of adrenoceptors (adrenergic receptors). An evaluation from the standpoint of receptor theory. In:\n                      Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Catecholamines\n                      . Springer, Switzerland. Vol. 33. 1972, pp.282\u2013335. Furchgott RF. Receptor mechanisms.\n                      Annual Review of Pharmacology\n                      , 1964; 4: 21\u201350.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-65249-3_9"},{"key":"bibr8-0967772018825365","unstructured":"Furchgott RF. Dibenamine blockade in strips of rabbit aorta and its use in differentiating receptors.\n                      Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics\n                      1954; 111: 265\u2013284. Furchgott RF. The use of b-haloalkylamines in the differentiation of receptors and in the determination of dissociation constants of receptor-agonist complexes. In: Harper NJ (ed.)\n                      Advances in drug research\n                      . Vol. 3. New York: Academic Press, 1966, pp.21\u201355."},{"key":"bibr9-0967772018825365","unstructured":"See Ref. 1."},{"key":"bibr10-0967772018825365","unstructured":"Furchgott RF. Nobel Lectuture. Endothelium-derived relaxing factor: discovery, early studies, and identification as nitric oxide, https:\/\/assets.nobelprize.org\/uploads\/2018\/06\/furchgott,lectures pdf (1998, accessed Dec., 2018)."},{"key":"bibr11-0967772018825365","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/288373a0"},{"key":"bibr12-0967772018825365","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1980.sp013493"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr13-0967772018825365.1","unstructured":"Khan MT and Furchgott RF. Additional evidence that endothelial-derived relaxing factor is nitric oxide. In: Rand MJ and Raper C (eds) Pharmacology. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1987, pp.341-344. Furchgott RF and Jothianandan D. Endothelium-dependent and -independent vasodilation involves cyclic GMP-relaxation induced by nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, and light. Blood Vessels 1991"},{"key":"#cr-split#-bibr13-0967772018825365.2","unstructured":"28: 52-61. Furchgott RF, Martin W, Cherry PD, et\u00a0al. Endothelium-dependent relaxation, photorelaxation and cyclic GMP. In: Bevan J, Godfraind T, Maxwell A, et\u00a0al. (eds) Vascular neuroeffector mechanisms. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1985, pp.105-111."},{"key":"bibr14-0967772018825365","unstructured":"Furchgott RF. Studies on the relaxation of rabbit aorta by sodium nitrite: the basis for the proposal that the acid-activable inhibitory factor from retractor penis is inorganic nitrite and the endothelium-derived relaxing factor is nitric oxide. In: Vanhoutte P (ed.)\n                      Vasodilatation: vascular smooth muscle, peptides, and endothelium.\n                      New York: Raven Press, 1988, pp.401\u2013414."},{"key":"bibr15-0967772018825365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"For pertinent references of the studies of Murad and Ignarro, see Rubin RP. A brief history of great discoveries in pharmacology: in celebration of the centennial anniversary of the founding of the American Society of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics.\n                      Pharmacological Reviews\n                      2007; 59: 352\u2013356.","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.107.70102"},{"key":"bibr16-0967772018825365","unstructured":"New York Times\n                      , 23 May 2009. Identified NO as the \u201cmolecule of the year\u201d."},{"key":"bibr17-0967772018825365","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00418.x"},{"key":"bibr18-0967772018825365","unstructured":"Robert Furchgott (https:\/\/www.telegraph.co.uk\/news\/obituaries\/science-obituaries\/5389094\/Robert-Furchgott.html. Telegraph 2015), accessed 2018. See also Obituaries published by the\n                      Washington Post, Encyclopedia Britannica\n                      , and the\n                      New York Times\n                      ."},{"key":"bibr19-0967772018825365","unstructured":"The Robert F. Furchgott Society, Biography of Robert Francis Furchgott. SUNY Downstate Medical Center, http:\/\/www,downstate.edu\/RFFS\/biography.html (Accessed 2018)."},{"key":"bibr20-0967772018825365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vanhoutte PM. In Memoriam: Robert F. Furchgott.\n                      Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology\n                      2009; 54: 179.","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0b013e3181b524b7"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Biography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772018825365","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0967772018825365","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772018825365","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:25:44Z","timestamp":1777505144000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0967772018825365"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0967772018825365"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0967772018825365","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-7720","1758-1087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-7720","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,23]]}}}