{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:45:01Z","timestamp":1777855501792,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1578960000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>In 1957, British-born R Bruce Sloane became the founding head of a Canadian academic department of psychiatry in a city that had already been served by a busy asylum for more than a century. He plunged into the work with enthusiasm, but encountered blatant opposition and skepticism, prompting his departure. He went on to conduct research in the United States. Archives and oral testimony reveal the attitudes thwarting Sloane\u2019s plans to improve teaching, research, and service\u2014attitudes that may typify a general hostility toward psychiatry in other centers at that time.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0967772019896131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]],"date-time":"2020-01-14T22:41:18Z","timestamp":1579041678000},"page":"201-208","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Robert Bruce Sloane and the mid-twentieth-century struggles of academic psychiatry"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5663-633X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacalyn","family":"Duffin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Queen\u2019s University, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0967772019896131","volume-title":"125 years of keeping people healthy: Kingston Psychiatric Hospital","author":"Lesslie J","year":"1981"},{"key":"bibr2-0967772019896131","first-page":"4","volume":"18","author":"McKendry J","year":"1993","journal-title":"Bull Soc Study Architecture in Canada"},{"key":"bibr3-0967772019896131","unstructured":"Powles WE, Hoaken PCS and Braden DH.\n                      An informal history of the department of psychiatry\n                      , Queen\u2019s University Faculty of Medicine, 29 July 2008. Manuscript, Queen\u2019s University Archives (hereinafter QUA)."},{"key":"bibr4-0967772019896131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2011.11010024"},{"key":"bibr5-0967772019896131","volume-title":"History of Psychiatry: from the era of the asylums to the age of Prozac","author":"Shorter E","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr6-0967772019896131","unstructured":"Lamb S. Pathologist of the mind: Adolf Meyer and the origins of American psychiatry, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2016, pp. 104\u2013106."},{"key":"bibr7-0967772019896131","first-page":"155","volume":"95","author":"Greenland C","year":"1966","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"bibr8-0967772019896131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9780773562424","volume-title":"Making a middle class: student life in English Canada during the thirties","author":"Axelrod P","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr9-0967772019896131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gidney C. Long eclipse: the Liberal Protestant establishment and the Canadian university, 1920\u20131970, Kingston and Montreal: McGill-Queen\u2019s Press, 2004, p. 15.","DOI":"10.1515\/9780773572324"},{"key":"bibr10-0967772019896131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/9781442670570"},{"key":"bibr11-0967772019896131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/cbmh.211-072017"},{"key":"bibr12-0967772019896131","volume-title":"Psychiatry in Canada: 50 years, 1951\u20132001","author":"Rae-Grant Q","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr13-0967772019896131","first-page":"S5","volume":"60","author":"Stip E","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can J Psych"},{"key":"bibr14-0967772019896131","unstructured":"Sussman S. Dr. Ruth Kajander: a pioneer in Canadian psychiatry, London, ON: Sussco Publishing, 1999, pp. 16\u201324."},{"key":"bibr15-0967772019896131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226771496.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr16-0967772019896131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/9781442681248"},{"key":"bibr17-0967772019896131","volume-title":"Queen\u2019s University Volume III: 1961\u20132004, testing tradition","author":"McDowall D","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr18-0967772019896131","unstructured":"Queen\u2019s University Archives, Principal\u2019s Records 1251, Box 8, file \u201cPsychiatry\u201d (hereinafter QUA-PRP), J Griffin to RC Wallace, 15 December 1950; McCuaig to Wallace, 4 January 1951; Wallace to J Griffin, 5 January 1951."},{"key":"bibr19-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA-PRP, McCuaig to Dean Spencer Melvin (copy to Wallace), 6 December 1945; Wallace to Minister of Health RP Vivian, 14 December 1945; Vivian to Wallace, 17 December 1945; Wallace to Deputy Minister of Health JT Phair, 14 June 1946."},{"key":"bibr20-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA-PRP, McCuaig and EA Clark to Wallace, 17 February 1941."},{"key":"bibr21-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA, Student Health Service, McCuaig to Mackintosh, 25 October and 3 November 1955."},{"key":"bibr22-0967772019896131","unstructured":"Lesslie.\n                      125 years\n                      ."},{"key":"bibr23-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA-PRP, Ettinger to Mackintosh, 29 June 1955."},{"key":"bibr24-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA-PRP, Ettinger to Mackintosh, 6 July 1956."},{"key":"bibr25-0967772019896131","unstructured":"Personal communications, H Dinsdale, 20 April 2017, D Braden, 1 June 2017."},{"key":"bibr26-0967772019896131","unstructured":"McDowall,\n                      Queen\u2019s University Volume III\n                      , 66\u201367, 70."},{"key":"bibr27-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA-PRP, Scott to McCuaig, 9 January 1957."},{"key":"bibr28-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA-PRP, Ettinger to Mackintosh, 6 July 1956."},{"key":"bibr29-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA-PRP, Ettinger to JW Lovett Daoust, 18 August 1956."},{"key":"bibr30-0967772019896131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(56)90005-8"},{"key":"bibr31-0967772019896131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(58)90003-5"},{"key":"bibr32-0967772019896131","unstructured":"Personal communication, J Richey, 15 May 2017."},{"key":"bibr33-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA-PRP, Sloane to Mackintosh, 6 December 1957, 12 February 1958, 19 February 1958."},{"key":"bibr34-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA-PRP, Mackintosh to Sloane, 20 February 1958."},{"key":"bibr35-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA-PRP, Sloane to Mackintosh, 27 February 1958."},{"key":"bibr36-0967772019896131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1957.02330350106016"},{"key":"bibr37-0967772019896131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/070674376000500110"},{"key":"bibr38-0967772019896131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-3999(63)90048-5"},{"key":"bibr39-0967772019896131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-196205000-00010"},{"key":"bibr40-0967772019896131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000105073"},{"key":"bibr41-0967772019896131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1958.02340050077010"},{"key":"bibr42-0967772019896131","first-page":"19","volume":"19","author":"Lewis DJ","year":"1958","journal-title":"J Clin Exper Psychopathol"},{"key":"bibr43-0967772019896131","first-page":"1084","volume":"83","author":"Sloane RB","year":"1960","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"bibr44-0967772019896131","first-page":"540","volume":"80","author":"Sloane RB","year":"1959","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"bibr45-0967772019896131","first-page":"1059","volume":"84","author":"Inglis J","year":"1961","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"bibr46-0967772019896131","first-page":"797","volume":"88","author":"Inglis J","year":"1963","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"key":"bibr47-0967772019896131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"QUA-PRP, Sloane to Mackintosh, 2 February 1960.","DOI":"10.1080\/00396336008440203"},{"key":"bibr48-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA-PRP, Mackintosh annotation on letter Sloane to Mackintosh, 2 February 1960."},{"key":"bibr49-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA-PRP, Ettinger to Mackintosh, 11 February 1960."},{"key":"bibr50-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA-PRP, Mackintosh to Sloane, 17 February 1960."},{"key":"bibr51-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA-PRP, Sloane to Mackintosh, 25 February 1960."},{"key":"bibr52-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA Student Health Services, GE Wodehouse to Ontario Minister of Health MB Dymond, 20 July 1955; McCuaig to Mackintosh, 25 October and 3 November 1955; QUA-PRP, Sloane to Mackintosh, 6 December 1957."},{"key":"bibr53-0967772019896131","unstructured":"On Campbell, see James K McDonell and Robert Benett Campbell,\n                      Lords of the North\n                      , Burnstown, Ontario: General Store Publishing, 1997, p.212."},{"key":"bibr54-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA Student Health Services, Flynn to Mackintosh; Mackintosh to Flynn, both 2 April 1958; Notman to Mackintosh, 16 November 1955; QUA-PRP, Mackintosh to Notman, 20 February 1956."},{"key":"bibr55-0967772019896131","unstructured":"Personal communication, WE (Moe) Robinson, 21 May 2017."},{"key":"bibr56-0967772019896131","unstructured":"McDowall,\n                      Queen\u2019s University\n                      , 163\u2013165."},{"key":"bibr57-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA Student Health Services, Botterell to Corry, 30 June 1964, 24 November 1966; Corry to Robinson, 2 June 1964; Corry to Upton, 12 May 1967."},{"key":"bibr58-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA-PRP, Sloane to Mackintosh, 25 February 1960."},{"key":"bibr59-0967772019896131","unstructured":"Personal communications, J Richey, 15 May 2017; WE (Moe) Robinson, 21 May 2017."},{"key":"bibr60-0967772019896131","unstructured":"Personal communication, DMC Walker, 1 June 2017."},{"key":"bibr61-0967772019896131","unstructured":"Powles WE, Hoaken PCS, Braden DH, Informal history, unpublished memoir, 2008, p. 3."},{"key":"bibr62-0967772019896131","unstructured":"Personal communication, J Richey, 15 May 2017."},{"key":"bibr63-0967772019896131","unstructured":"Personal communication, GM Simpson, 2 June 2017."},{"key":"bibr64-0967772019896131","unstructured":"Personal communication, D Braden, 1 June 2017."},{"key":"bibr65-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA-PRP, Botterell to Corry, 12 November 1963."},{"key":"bibr66-0967772019896131","unstructured":"Personal communications, Moe Robinson, 21 May 2017 and Anita Johnston, 18 May 2017."},{"key":"bibr67-0967772019896131","unstructured":"Frayn DH. The Clarke and its founders: The thirtieth anniversary: a retrospective look at the impossible dream, Toronto: Coach House Press and Clarke Institute, 1996, pp. 8\u201315."},{"key":"bibr68-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA-PRP, Hunter to Corry and Botterell, 29 September 1964."},{"key":"bibr69-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA-PRP, Upton to Corry, 10 March, 27 April 1967; Hunter to Corry, 18 April 1967."},{"key":"bibr70-0967772019896131","unstructured":"QUA-PRP, Hunter to Corry and Botterell, 27 February 1967."},{"key":"bibr71-0967772019896131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0957154X09338081"},{"key":"bibr72-0967772019896131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1975.01760300055003"},{"key":"bibr73-0967772019896131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/harvard.9780674365063"},{"key":"bibr74-0967772019896131","unstructured":"Paris.\n                      Fall of an Icon.\n                      p.105."},{"key":"bibr75-0967772019896131","unstructured":"Sloane RB (ed.).\n                      Abortion: changing views and practice\n                      . New York: Grune and Stratton, 1971."},{"key":"bibr76-0967772019896131","unstructured":"Birren JE and Sloane RB (eds).\n                      Handbook of mental health and aging\n                      . Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1980."},{"key":"bibr77-0967772019896131","unstructured":"Personal communication, Dr. Moe Robinson, 21 May 2017."},{"key":"bibr78-0967772019896131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1301483"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Biography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772019896131","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0967772019896131","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0967772019896131","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:25:49Z","timestamp":1777505149000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0967772019896131"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0967772019896131"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0967772019896131","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-7720","1758-1087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-7720","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,14]]}}}