{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:45:33Z","timestamp":1777855533893,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":16,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]],"date-time":"2021-05-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620345600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>John Snow was an English physician and a founding father of epidemiology, whose name is inextricably linked with tracing the source of the 1854 cholera outbreak in Soho, which killed over 600 people. Despite his recommendation to remove the water pump handle and thus reduce the spread of cholera, his theory of faecal\u2013oral transmission was not widely believed until after his death. Furthermore, he also pioneered substantial achievements in the development of anaesthesia. He studied both chloroform and ether, improving the accuracy of their delivery. In his obstetric practice, he achieved the feat of obtaining satisfactory analgesia with a safer technique and is remembered for administering chloroform to Queen Victoria, during the delivery of her last two children. There are several interesting and unusual memorials to Snow, ranging from replica water pumps, blue plaques and a public house named after him. The most recent new memorial was erected in 2017, in his home town of York, which commemorates his origins and his subsequent contribution to curbing the cholera outbreak. All the memorials commemorate his achievements, which remain relevant today. Public health and epidemiology expertise is required in the current world of the COVID-19 pandemic, where his legacy remains as important as ever.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09677720211013807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,9]],"date-time":"2021-05-09T03:57:30Z","timestamp":1620532650000},"page":"47-50","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Memorials to John Snow \u2013 Pioneer in anaesthesia and epidemiology"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1663-7404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neil G","family":"Snowise","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09677720211013807","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08998280.2006.11928120"},{"key":"bibr2-09677720211013807","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60978-2"},{"key":"bibr3-09677720211013807","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60829-6"},{"key":"bibr4-09677720211013807","unstructured":"The John Snow Society. Home Page. http:\/\/www.johnsnowsociety.org\/"},{"key":"bibr5-09677720211013807","unstructured":"UCLA Department of Epidemiology. John Snow site https:\/\/www.ph.ucla.edu\/epi\/snow.html"},{"key":"bibr6-09677720211013807","unstructured":"York Civic Trust. John Snow Memorial, North Street Gardens 2017. http:\/\/yorkcivictrust.co.uk\/home\/john-snow-memorial\/"},{"key":"bibr7-09677720211013807","unstructured":"Lewis S. York\u2019s memorial to \u2018the greatest doctor of all time\u2019. The Press, 2017. https:\/\/www.yorkpress.co.uk\/news\/15180464.yorks-memorial-to-the-greatest-doctor-of-all-time\/"},{"key":"bibr8-09677720211013807","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt195"},{"key":"bibr9-09677720211013807","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt212"},{"key":"bibr10-09677720211013807","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt234"},{"key":"bibr11-09677720211013807","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60830-2"},{"key":"bibr12-09677720211013807","unstructured":"London Remembers website. Memorial: Dr John Snow \u2013 site of pump. https:\/\/www.londonremembers.com\/memorials\/dr-john-snow-site-of-pump"},{"key":"bibr13-09677720211013807","unstructured":"Dr John Snow\u2014Broadwick Street, London, UK \u2013 Blue Plaques on Waymarking.com. https:\/\/www.waymarking.com\/waymarks\/WMNWNY_Dr_John_Snow_Broadwick_Street_London_UK"},{"key":"bibr14-09677720211013807","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200001000-00037"},{"key":"bibr15-09677720211013807","unstructured":"UCLA Dept. of Epidemiology. Blue Plaque for Dr. John Snow http:\/\/www.ph.ucla.edu\/epi\/snow\/blueplaque.html"},{"key":"bibr16-09677720211013807","first-page":"23","volume":"46","author":"Stanwell-Smith R","year":"2013","journal-title":"Proceedings of the History of Anaesthesia Society"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Biography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09677720211013807","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09677720211013807","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09677720211013807","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:26:14Z","timestamp":1777505174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09677720211013807"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]},"references-count":16,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09677720211013807"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09677720211013807","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-7720","1758-1087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-7720","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,7]]}}}