{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:45:39Z","timestamp":1777855539836,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630281600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this paper is to shed light on the figure of Francesco Maria Fiorentini, a 17th-century physician from Lucca (Tuscany, Italy) and member of the Iatromechanical School, who distinguished himself for his role during the plague and the typhus epidemics that spread throughout Italy in the first half of that century. His work must be contextualized in a precise historical moment, which marked the gradual transition of Western medicine from the archaism of Galenic doctrine to that of the Iatromechanical School, when the foundations started to be laid for an experimental type of medicine that based its assumptions on the direct observation of phenomena concerning the human body. In this work, we mainly focus on the medical biography of Fiorentini and on the reasons why he enjoyed great social prestige among the most prominent figures of his time. However, Fiorentini should also be remembered as a multifaceted scholar, as evidenced by his numerous writings, which underline his erudition in disparate fields of knowledge.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09677720211039156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]],"date-time":"2021-08-30T09:55:34Z","timestamp":1630317334000},"page":"253-260","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Francesco Maria Fiorentini (1603\u20131673): An Italian physician in \u2018The Iron Century\u2019"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6683-4962","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noemi","family":"Mantile","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civilizations and Forms of Knowledge, University of Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Giuffra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Paleopathology, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Fornaciari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civilizations and Forms of Knowledge, University of Pisa, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Della Capanna GP, Ceccarelli U. Francesco Maria Fiorentini (1603-1673).  Lucca:  Tipografia Gemignani,  1960, p.  7."},{"key":"bibr2-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Finucci P.\n                      Contributi per la Storia della Medicina a Lucca\n                      .  2011, p.  86."},{"key":"bibr3-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Sforza G.\n                      F.M. Fiorentini ed i suoi contemporanei lucchesi. Saggio di storia letteraria del secolo XVII\n                      , Firenze,  1879, pp.  34\u2013 36."},{"key":"bibr4-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Ceccarelli U, Manara R.\n                      La correspondencia de Francesco Maria Fiorentini medico de Luca del siglo XVII, con algunos cientificos de su tiempo, extracto de Panminerva Medica\n                      ,  1963, pp.  6\u2013 7."},{"key":"bibr5-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Sforza G.  1879, pp.  789\u2013 790."},{"key":"bibr6-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Finucci P.  2011, p.  87."},{"key":"bibr7-09677720211039156","volume-title":"The Iron Century: Social Change in Europe, 1550\u20131660","author":"Kamen H","year":"1971"},{"key":"bibr8-09677720211039156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ereh\/het013"},{"key":"bibr9-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Del Panta L.\n                      Epidemie nella storia demografica italiana (secoli XVI-XIX)\n                      , Torino,  1980, pp.  158\u2013 159."},{"key":"bibr10-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Archivio di Stato di Lucca (ASLu), Breve istoria del contagio scoppiato in Lucca negli anni 1630\u20131631 e delle regole sanitarie allora ordinate di Girolamo Tommasi, ms. in\n                      Conservatori di Sanit\u00e0\n                      , vol. \n46; p. \n4."},{"key":"bibr11-09677720211039156","unstructured":"ASLu,\n                      Conservatori di Sanit\u00e0\n                      , vol. 23, parte I, c. 15\n                      r\n                      , 18 luglio 1630."},{"key":"bibr12-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Cipolla C.\n                      Fighting the plague in Seventeenth-century Italy\n                      . Wisconsin,  1981, p.  8."},{"key":"bibr13-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Corradi A.\n                      Annali delle epidemie occorse in Italia dalle prime memorie fino al 1850\n                      , Bologna,  1865, p.  1142."},{"key":"bibr14-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Berti R.\n                      La peste a Lucca\n                      , Lucca,  2005, p.  73."},{"key":"bibr15-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Sforza G,  1879, pp.  87\u2013 88."},{"key":"bibr16-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Cit.\n                      Ibidem\n                      , p. \n50. Transcribed letter from cod. 1241 of the State Library of Lucca."},{"key":"bibr17-09677720211039156","unstructured":"This report can be found fully transcribed in Sforza G, \n1879, pp. \n145\u2013\n151."},{"key":"bibr18-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Ibidem\n                      , p. \n51."},{"key":"bibr19-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Cit.\n                      Ibidem\n                      ."},{"key":"bibr20-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Cit.\n                      Ibidem\n                      , p. \n148."},{"key":"bibr21-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Ibidem\n                      ."},{"key":"bibr22-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Ibidem\n                      ; Berti R, 2005, p. 67."},{"key":"bibr23-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Di Bomare V.\n                      Dizionario ragionato universale di storia naturale\n                      , vol. 7, Roma,  1793, pp.  290\u2013 296."},{"key":"bibr24-09677720211039156","unstructured":"ASLu,\n                      Conservatori di Sanit\u00e0\n                      , vol. 31, c. 592\n                      v\n                      , lettera sanitaria del 27 dicembre 1630."},{"key":"bibr25-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Sforza G.  1879, p.  149."},{"key":"bibr26-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Sforza G.  1879, p.  148."},{"key":"bibr27-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Sforza G.  1879, p.  146\u2013 148."},{"key":"bibr28-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Ibidem\n                      , p. \n150\u2013\n151; Slack P.\n                      La peste\n                      , Bologna, 2014, p. 11."},{"key":"bibr29-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Sforza G.  1879, p.  151."},{"key":"bibr30-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Ibidem\n                      . p. \n90."},{"key":"bibr31-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Berti R.  2005, p.  146."},{"key":"bibr32-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Biblioteca Statale di Lucca (B.S.L.),\n                      Notizie storiche di Lucca\n                      , ms. 2957, XVII sec., c. 26\n                      r\n                      ."},{"key":"bibr33-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Cit.\n                      Ibidem\n                      ."},{"key":"bibr34-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Mazzarosa A.\n                      Storia di Lucca dalla sua origine fino al MDCCCXIV\n                      , tomo II, Lucca,  1833, p.  106."},{"key":"bibr35-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Corradi A,  1865, p.  1179."},{"key":"bibr36-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Cipolla C, Doria G,  1982, pp.  167\u2013 168."},{"key":"bibr37-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Cit. Sforza G.  1879, p. 208."},{"key":"bibr38-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Ibidem\n                      . p. \n209."},{"key":"bibr39-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Ibidem\n                      . pp. \n208\u2013\n209."},{"key":"bibr40-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Ibidem\n                      . p. \n211."},{"key":"bibr41-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Ibidem\n                      ."},{"key":"bibr42-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Della Capanna GP, Ceccarelli U.  1960, p.  16."},{"key":"bibr43-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Harrison\u2019s Principles of Internal Medicine, 19\n                      th\n                      edition, p. 1001."},{"key":"bibr44-09677720211039156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12659\/AJCR.892380"},{"key":"bibr45-09677720211039156","first-page":"175","volume":"17","author":"Schultz S","year":"2002","journal-title":"News in Physiological Sciences: An International Journal of Physiology Produced Jointly by the International Union of Physiological Sciences and the American Physiological Society"},{"key":"bibr46-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Lucchesini C. Della storia letteraria del ducato lucchese libri sette.\n                      Memorie e documenti per servire all\u2019istoria del Ducato di Lucca\n                      , tomo X, Lucca,  1831, p.  69."},{"key":"bibr47-09677720211039156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM187907171010311"},{"key":"bibr48-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Ibidem\n                      . pp. \n99\u2013\n101."},{"key":"bibr49-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Lucchesini C.  1831, p.  69."},{"key":"bibr50-09677720211039156","unstructured":"B.S.L., mss. 1242-1244. Ceccarelli U.\n                      et al\n                      .\n                      Consulti medici\n                      , Genova 1963, p. 3."},{"key":"bibr51-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Sforza G.  1879, pp.  240\u2013 241."},{"key":"bibr52-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Moreni D.\n                      Lettere di Francesco Redi\n                      , Firenze,  1825, p.  16."},{"key":"bibr53-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Sforza G.  1879, pp.  212\u2013 217."},{"key":"bibr54-09677720211039156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/107755876001700106"},{"key":"bibr55-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Sforza G.  1879, pp.  218\u2013 219."},{"key":"bibr56-09677720211039156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4144\/rpsj1954.1963.21_15"},{"key":"bibr57-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Ibidem\n                      . pp. \n18\u2013\n19."},{"key":"bibr58-09677720211039156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-10-144"},{"key":"bibr59-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Cosmacini G.\n                      Storia della medicina e della sanit\u00e0 in Italia\n                      ,  2005, pp.  188\u2013 189."},{"key":"bibr60-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Sforza G.  1879, p.  278, n.1."},{"key":"bibr61-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Ibidem\n                      . pp. \n277\u2013\n278."},{"key":"bibr62-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Ibidem\n                      . pp. \n284\u2013\n287."},{"key":"bibr63-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Lucchesini C.  1879, p.  69, n.1."},{"key":"bibr64-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Della Capanna GP, Ceccarelli U.  1960, pp.  21\u2013 22; Lucchesini C. 1879, p.69."},{"key":"bibr65-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Original title: \u201cLa Repubblica di Lucca dai pi\u00f9 remoti secoli ai pi\u00f9 moderni nelle sue pi\u00f9 riguardevoli memorie\u201d."},{"key":"bibr66-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Original title: \u201cMemorie degli uomini di molta stima che sono stati, per nascimento overo abitazione, lucchesi\u201d."},{"key":"bibr67-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Della Capanna GP, Ceccarelli U.  1960, p.  22."},{"key":"bibr68-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Sforza G.  1879, pp.  102\u2013 105; 153\u2013154."},{"key":"bibr69-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Original title: \u201cVita, miracoli e memorie di San Silao Vescovo Irlandese, il cui corpo si conserva in Lucca appresso le antiche e nobili monache di Santa Giustina, raccolte e con probabili conietture spiegate da Francesco Maria Fiorentini, nobile lucchese\u201d."},{"key":"bibr70-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Original title: \u201cStoria delle origini del Cristianesimo in Toscana\u201d."},{"key":"bibr71-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Original title: \u201cMartirologio Geroniano\u201d."},{"key":"bibr72-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Della Capanna GP, Ceccarelli U.  1960, p.  22."},{"key":"bibr73-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Sforza G.  1879, p.  111."},{"key":"bibr74-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Ceccarelli U. et al.  1963, p.  3; Sforza G, 1879, p. 105."},{"key":"bibr75-09677720211039156","unstructured":"Op. cit. in ref. 3."}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Biography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09677720211039156","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09677720211039156","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09677720211039156","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:26:20Z","timestamp":1777505180000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09677720211039156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09677720211039156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09677720211039156","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-7720","1758-1087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-7720","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,30]]}}}