{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T04:18:13Z","timestamp":1793333893540,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Salom\u00f3n Hakim (1922\u20132011) was a Colombian neurosurgeon and brain scientist This biography examines the social and cultural background through which he emerged as an inquisitive and multi-dimensional surgeon-scientist, and his lifelong contributions to the specialty of neurosurgery. With empirical knowledge in applied medical physics, electronics, electricity and chemistry, he understood the paradoxical phenomenon of symptomatic hydrocephalus with normal cerebrospinal fluid pressure. This ultimately led Hakim to describe in exquisite detail the physics of the cranial cavity and brain hydrodynamics. His name is intertwined with the identification of the entity of a syndrome which had not previously been addressed in the medical literature: Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus (Hakim's syndrome). Additionally, he designed and built various models of valved shunting devices to treat the condition (eg the Hakim programmable valve). Through his selflessness and cogent work, Hakim left a legacy and intellectual heritage that has allowed many colleagues worldwide to save thousands of lives who would be otherwise condemned to oblivion.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09677720211054025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]],"date-time":"2021-10-29T08:58:31Z","timestamp":1635497911000},"page":"10-19","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Salom\u00f3n Hakim, MD (1922\u20132011): A honeymoon with Neurosurgery"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3261-7430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Jaramillo-Vel\u00e1squez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, Fundaci\u00f3n Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1. Bogot\u00e1, D.C., Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Hakim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurosurgery Department, Fundaci\u00f3n Santa Fe de Bogot\u00e1. Bogot\u00e1, D.C., Colombia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2004-9448","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas K","family":"Demetriades","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Scotland, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-09677720211054025","volume-title":"Salom\u00f3n Hakim Dow. Premio Nacional al M\u00e9rito Cient\u00edfico 1993","author":"Fog-Corradine L","year":"1996","edition":"1"},{"key":"bibr2-09677720211054025","unstructured":"The Civil War in Syria. 21 July 1860. www.nytimes.com\/1860\/07\/21\/archives\/the-civil-war-in-syria. 2018, Accessed on June 2021."},{"key":"bibr3-09677720211054025","unstructured":"Colombia awakens to the Arab world. Brazil-Arab New Agency. web.archive.org\/web\/20110706150728\/http:\/\/www2.anba.com.br\/noticia_diplomacia.kmf?cod\u2009=\u20098701931. 2009, Accessed on June 2021."},{"key":"bibr4-09677720211054025","unstructured":"St Bartholomew at 400 years. El Tiempo, Bogot\u00e1, 26 September 2004, p. 10."},{"key":"bibr5-09677720211054025","unstructured":"White JC, Sweet WH, Hakim S. Cysticercosis cerebri: A diagnostic therapeutic problem of increasing importance. Meeting of the Boston Society of Psychiatry and Neurology. Published in summary: Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry and Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases.  1955"},{"key":"bibr6-09677720211054025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01413850"},{"key":"bibr7-09677720211054025","first-page":"177","volume":"82","author":"Torkildsen A","year":"1939","journal-title":"Acta Chirurgica SCandinavica"},{"key":"bibr8-09677720211054025","first-page":"1035","volume":"253","author":"Hakim S","year":"1955","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"key":"bibr9-09677720211054025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195512222532509","volume":"253","author":"Hakim S","year":"1955","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"key":"bibr10-09677720211054025","first-page":"619","volume":"254","author":"Hakim S","year":"1956","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"key":"bibr11-09677720211054025","first-page":"386","volume":"254","author":"Hakim S","year":"1956","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"key":"bibr12-09677720211054025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM195602232540810","volume":"254","author":"Hakim S","year":"1956","journal-title":"NEJM"},{"key":"bibr13-09677720211054025","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurpsyc.1957.02330340013001"},{"key":"bibr14-09677720211054025","unstructured":"Bloomfield L. How things work: the physics of everyday life. Third ed. Editorial: John Wiley & Sons Inc,  2013, p.  153. 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