{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T06:01:58Z","timestamp":1784872918193,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763424000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A slim 75-page \u2018book,\u2019\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">The Production of Antibodies: A Review and a Theoretical Discussion<\/jats:italic>\n                    was published 84 years ago, in 1941. The authorship is normally attributed to Francis MacFarlane Burnet (1889\u20131985), 1960 Noble Laureate for his research on acquired immune tolerance and acknowledged as the most famous Australian scientist. A revised edition in 1949 was co-authored with Frank Fenner (1914\u20132010), another distinguished Australian virologist, best remembered for the elimination of smallpox in Australia and for control of the rabbit population. The curiosity and the topic of this paper is that three collaborators are listed on the title page of the 1941 book \u2013 Mavis Freeman, A. V. (Alan Vaughan) Jackson and Dora Lush. All three worked with Burnet at the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute in Melbourne between 1936 and 1939\/1940 during which time they were co-authors on 25 research papers. Who were these collaborators, what did they contribute to the book and why the confusion over authorship? This journey takes us into research on influenza, poliomyelitis, smallpox, myxomatosis, herpes, Q fever and scrub typhus undertaken by brilliant scientists who contributed to important advances in virology and immunology with one tragic consequence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09677720251395368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]],"date-time":"2025-11-18T18:26:10Z","timestamp":1763490370000},"page":"263-272","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>The Production of Antibodies<\/i>\n                    (1941) by F. M. Burnet or by Burnet, Freeman, Jackson and Lush: Collaboration in research"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4469-8300","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian K","family":"Hall","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dalhousie University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","volume-title":"The production of antibodies. A review and a theoretical discussion","author":"Burnet FM","year":"1941","unstructured":"Burnet FM. The production of antibodies. A review and a theoretical discussion. Monographs from the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Research in Pathology and Medicine, Melbourne, No. 1.). Melbourne and London: Macmillan and Co., Ltd., 1941. 76 pp."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","volume-title":"The production of antibodies. Monograph of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute","author":"Burnet FM","year":"1949","unstructured":"Burnet FM, Fenner F. The production of antibodies. Monograph of the Walter and Eliza Hall Institute. Melbourne: MacMillan and Co. Ltd., 1949, Melbourne. 142 pp."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","volume-title":"A history of immunology","author":"Silverstein AM","year":"2009","unstructured":"Silverstein AM. A history of immunology. Second Edition. New York, NY: Academic Press, 2009, 552pp."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2024.03.037"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","volume-title":"Shaping life. Genes, embryos and evolution","author":"Maynard Smith J","year":"1998","unstructured":"Maynard Smith J. Shaping life. Genes, embryos and evolution. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1998. 50 pp. ISBN 10: 0297841386"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","volume-title":"The technique of tissue culture \u201cin vitro","author":"Strangeways TSP","year":"1924","unstructured":"Strangeways TSP. The technique of tissue culture \u201cin vitro.\u201d Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons, 1924, 80 pp."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","volume-title":"Tissue culture in relation to growth and differentiation","author":"Strangeways TSP","year":"1924","unstructured":"Strangeways TSP. Tissue culture in relation to growth and differentiation. Cambridge: W. Heffer & Sons, 1924. 50 pp."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","volume-title":"Mikroskopische studies au\u2019s dem Gebeke der mensch lichen Morphologies","author":"Gerlach J","year":"1858","unstructured":"Gerlach J. Mikroskopische studies au\u2019s dem Gebeke der mensch lichen Morphologies. Erlander: Verlag von Ferdinand Enki, 1858. 72 pp."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5962\/bhl.title.144680"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"100","article-title":"Frank Macfarlane Burnet, 3 September 1899\u201331 August 1985","volume":"22","author":"Fenner FJ","year":"1985","unstructured":"Fenner FJ. Frank Macfarlane Burnet, 3 September 1899\u201331 August 1985. Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society of London 1985; 22: 100\u2013 126.","journal-title":"Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society of London"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Other assistants in order of their times in Burnet\u2019 laboratory were Margot McKie (1928\u20131934) Diana Bull (1941\u20131943) Joyce Stone (1944\u20131950) Patricia Lind (1944\u20131965) Margaret Edney (1948\u20131956) Margaret Gilpin (1948\u20131952) Margaret Holmes (1958\u20131965) Deborah Burnet (1960\u20131962 1963\u20131964) and Susi Ernyei (1962\u20131964). Source # 10 p. 109."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","unstructured":"# 10 p. 109."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1937.14"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1939.10"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.63.5.685"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.3.1.9"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2024.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","first-page":"1642","article-title":"The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) as a versatile patient-derived xenograft (PDX) platform for precision medicine and preclinical research","volume":"8","author":"DeBord LC","year":"2018","unstructured":"DeBord LC, Tathak RR, Villaneuva M, et al. The chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) as a versatile patient-derived xenograft (PDX) platform for precision medicine and preclinical research. Am J Cancer Res 2018; 8: 1642\u2013 1660. PMID: 30210932.","journal-title":"Am J Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"An excellent video of the techniques of windowing and inoculation of viruses onto the CAM is available at https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=330DKCuNm4Q (accessed September 25 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","volume-title":"Biological aspects of infectious disease","author":"Burnet FM","year":"1940","unstructured":"Burnet FM. Biological aspects of infectious disease. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1940, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.310 pp."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1937.23"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"Burnet wrote quickly and often. Fenner (# 10) lists 246 journal articles and 31 books (some multiple editions) produced over the 60 years between 1924 and 1984."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1700350402"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1937.tb43744.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1938.tb110236.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1939.tb116244.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1938.29"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/hdy.1948.19"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_2","volume-title":"Nature, nurture and chance: The lives of Frank and Charles Fenner","author":"Fenner FJ","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fenner FJ. Nature, nurture and chance: The lives of Frank and Charles Fenner. Canberra: The Australian National University E Press, 2006, 356 pp."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1939.33"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1940.33"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1939.4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_2","unstructured":"All Alan Jackson\u2019s papers and those of the other assistants who published with Burnet are listed in Fenner\u2019s biography of Burnet 10 albeit in an abbreviated form and without indicating order of authorship."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1946.tb33454.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_2","first-page":"299","article-title":"Alan Vaughan Jackson MD, FRCPA, PRCPath, FRACP 22 September 1912-10 April 2000","volume":"32","author":"Sinclair R","year":"2000","unstructured":"Sinclair R. Alan Vaughan Jackson MD, FRCPA, PRCPath, FRACP 22 September 1912-10 April 2000. Pathology 2000; 32: 299\u2013 300.","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_2","volume-title":"International house Melbourne 1957\u20132016, sixty years of fraternities","author":"Larkins F","year":"2018","unstructured":"Larkins F. International house Melbourne 1957\u20132016, sixty years of fraternities. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2018, 257 pp."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_2","unstructured":"Stone C. Jackson Edna Mavis (1913\u20132000). Australian Dictionary of Biography National Centre of Biography. Australian National University 2024. https:\/\/adb.anu.edu.au\/biography\/jackson-edna-mavis-27510\/text41024 published online 2024 (accessed online 27 May 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_2","unstructured":"The Australian Women\u2019s Register https:\/\/www.womenaustralia.info\/entries\/freeman-mavis-louisa\/ (accessed: 1 October 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_2","volume-title":"E. V. 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Australian National University 2000 https:\/\/adb.anu.edu.au\/biography\/keogh-esmond-venner-bill-10724\/text19003 published first in hardcopy 2000 accessed online 26 May 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_2","unstructured":"From an initial share price of A$2.30 in June 1994 CSL Ltd. was only the second public company in Australia to reach in 2015 a price of over $100\/share."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1938.tb45316.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_2","volume-title":"Malaria frontline: Australian army research during World War II","author":"Sweeney T","year":"2003","unstructured":"Sweeney T. Malaria frontline: Australian army research during World War II. Carlton, Victoria: University of Melbourne Press, 2003. 398 pp."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1937.tb43743.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/HR9790410082"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1939.tb98377.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-25608-4_5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1939.tb116110.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/icb.1940.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_2","first-page":"357","article-title":"The epidemiology of Q fever","volume":"43","author":"Derrick EH","year":"1944","unstructured":"Derrick EH. The epidemiology of Q fever. 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