{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T16:04:40Z","timestamp":1784822680756,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763596800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Charles Sumner was an outspoken abolitionist and Republican United States Senator from Massachusetts from 1851 to 1874. In 1856, at the height of the national debate about slavery before the Civil War, Sumner was assaulted in the Senate chamber by a Democratic congressman from South Carolina. Preston Brooks attacked Sumner by striking him on the head and neck over 30 times using his walking cane as a weapon. After the attack, Sumner lost consciousness and was carried out of the Senate chamber. Though he recovered over the week following the attack, Sumner did not return full-time to his Senate seat until December 1859 due to the sequelae of his injuries. Historians have debated the cause of Sumner's prolonged disability, with several suggesting that he was experiencing post-traumatic stress disorder. Although diagnosis cannot be made definitively, the details of Brooks\u2019 assault and Sumner's subsequent medical history suggest that Sumner's documented symptoms during his three-year recovery were likely the result of a traumatic brain injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09677720251397464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]],"date-time":"2025-11-20T17:58:57Z","timestamp":1763661537000},"page":"282-291","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The caning of senator Charles Sumner: A review of his injuries and prolonged recovery"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3292-3542","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evan J.","family":"Beck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Michigan Medical School"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9110-4849","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theodore N.","family":"Pappas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jordan M.","family":"Komisarow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Duke University School of Medicine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"Sumner C. The Crime Against Kansas. The Apologies for the Crime. The True Remedy. Speech of Hon. Charles Sumner in the Senate of the United States 19th and 20th May 1856. Cleveland OH: John P. Jewett & Company 1856."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"Latest intelligence: The Republicans caucusing on Kansas affairs. The New York Daily Times 23 May 1856 p. 1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"News of the week. Foreign item. Total loss of the Steamship Indian. John Brown Return of Mr Sumner Death of Washington Irving. Circular 1 December 1859.","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican12101859-385a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","unstructured":"Sos R. Charles Sumner: faking it? The Historic Present https:\/\/thehistoricpresent.com\/2008\/05\/22\/charles-sumner-faking-it\/ (2008 accessed 9 April 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","unstructured":"Massachusetts Historical Society: Object of the Month https:\/\/www.masshist.org\/object-of-the-month\/objects\/celebrating-charles-sumner-abolitionist-orator-reformer-and-statesman-2011-01-01 (accessed 9 April 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","volume-title":"Charles Sumner","author":"Chisholm H","year":"1911","unstructured":"Chisholm H (ed). Charles Sumner. 11th edn. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1911. http:\/\/archive.org\/details\/EncyclopaediaBritannicaDict.a.s.l.g.i.11thed.chisholm.1910-1911-1922.33vols (accessed 9 April 2025).","edition":"11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","unstructured":"Schurz C. Memorial of Charles Sumner https:\/\/archive.org\/details\/memorialofcharle00bost\/page\/162\/mode\/2up?q=born (1874)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"219","article-title":"Address to the people of the United States","volume":"6","author":"An important document","year":"1854","unstructured":"An important document. Address to the people of the United States. The Independent 1854; 6: 219.","journal-title":"The Independent"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","unstructured":"The outbreak in Kansas. A pro-slavery view of its origin. The New York Daily Times 12 December 1855 p. 3."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","unstructured":"Stearns C. State of affairs in Kansas. The Liberator 27 July 1855 p. 120."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","unstructured":"Roberts CM. Brooks Preston Smith. South Carolina Encyclopedia https:\/\/www.scencyclopedia.org\/sce\/entries\/brooks-preston-smith\/ (2016 accessed 5 September 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","unstructured":"Outrage in the United States Senate: Senator Sumner of Massachusetts Knocked Down and Beaten till Insensible by Mr. Brooks of South Carolina. The Baltimore Sun 23 May 1856 p. 1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","unstructured":"Boyle. Cornelius 1817-1878 Archives at Yale https:\/\/archives.yale.edu\/agents\/people\/94009 (accessed 9 April 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM185612250552101"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","first-page":"372","article-title":"Case of Hon. Charles Sumner","volume":"2","author":"Perry MS","year":"1857","unstructured":"Perry MS. Case of Hon. Charles Sumner. Atlanta Medical and Surgical Journal 1857; 2: 372\u2013 374.","journal-title":"Atlanta Medical and Surgical Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","unstructured":"Thirty-fourth Congress: First Session. The Baltimore Sun 10 July 1856 p. 4."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","unstructured":"Plantation discipline in the Senate.: Mr. Sumner\u2019s statement. The Independent 1856; 8: 1."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","unstructured":"Personal. Boston Evening Transcript 26 June 1856 p. 2."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/362231"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","unstructured":"Abettors of Brooks. The New York Daily Times 25 June 1856 p. 4."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","unstructured":"Trial of Preston S. Brooks for assault and battery. The National Era 17 July 1856 p. 21."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","unstructured":"Reception of Senator Sumner. The New England Farmer 8 November 1856 p. 2."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","unstructured":"Health of Mr. Sumner. The Kennebec Journal 12 December 1856 p. 2."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","unstructured":"Donald D. Charles Sumner and the Coming of the Civil War. New York NY: Alfred A. Knopf 1960 p. 312."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","unstructured":"Sudden visitation - Preston S. Brooks Dead! The Liberator 30 January 1857 p. 19."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","unstructured":"New York City.: The disease Preston S. Brooks died of. The New York Daily Times 30 January 1857 p. 6."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","first-page":"348","article-title":"Speeches of the Hon. Preston S. Brooks and proceedings of Congress on the occasion of his death","volume":"2","author":"ART. V.\u2013Hon. Preston S. Brooks","year":"1857","unstructured":"ART. V.\u2013Hon. Preston S. Brooks. Speeches of the Hon. Preston S. Brooks and proceedings of Congress on the occasion of his death. The Southern Quarterly Review 1857; 2: 348.","journal-title":"The Southern Quarterly Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"Death of Preston S. Brooks","volume":"28","author":"Editorials","year":"1857","unstructured":"Editorials. Death of Preston S. Brooks. 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