{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T15:06:15Z","timestamp":1784819175743,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1765756800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Edward S. Miller was born into slavery in 1858. After navigating the racist educational system in Kentucky, he moved north to seek greater opportunities. In Chicago, he obtained medical training, built a practice in the Black community, and participated in the growth of Provident Hospital. He earned broad respect and expanded his networks, serving in the Spanish American War as a field surgeon for a unique Black volunteer regiment. He prospered as an entrepreneur and civic leader, using the power of community networks to help found the first Black cemetery and a federally chartered bank in Chicago, both of which supported the Black community. Miller was a respected civic leader and physician whose story illustrates the complexity and challenges of the medical system in the north at the turn of the 20th century and the resourcefulness needed by a Black leader to succeed in a segregated society.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/09677720251404808","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]],"date-time":"2025-12-15T16:46:56Z","timestamp":1765817216000},"page":"300-308","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Edward S. Miller: Physician, entrepreneur, and community leader (1858\u20131942)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2466-527X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vivian","family":"Lewis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rochester Medical Center"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"Miller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co KG, Munchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1596-2435","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Constance D.","family":"Baldwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"N.M.A. history. https:\/\/nmanet.org\/nma-history\/ (2024 cited 15 December 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","unstructured":"To the members of the Republican organization of Cook County Illinois and voters and taxpayers in the county in general. 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