{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T00:44:02Z","timestamp":1777855442943,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]],"date-time":"2026-01-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768694400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Med Biogr"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Peter Shaw (1694\u20131763) was an English physician who practised in London and Scarborough, Yorkshire. He was appointed physician to Kings George II and III. Shaw published many medical texts as well as translations of Lord Francis Bacon and Robert Boyle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Method<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Historical examination of Shaw's text\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">A Treatise of Incurable Diseases<\/jats:italic>\n                      (1723).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shaw states that \u2018incurable\u2019 conditions offer an opportunity to examine the cause of disease and its treatment. He proposes a model for a comparative trial of \u2018antidote\u2019 for hydrophobia (rabies) in one of two dogs and \u2013 if successful \u2013 in humans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Shaw's proposal is an early model for translational medical research from animals to humans to ensure effectiveness and safety. The evidence suggests that Shaw's was an inspiration for Hauksbee the Younger's 1743 proposed \u2018experimentum crucis\u2019 of venereal disease treatments. That is because in 1731 they co-authored \u2018An Essay for Introducing a Portable Laboratory\u2019. Furthermore, Hauksbee reveals that Shaw was actively involved in early enquiries into the efficacy of his venereal medication. Due to shared roots in Lichfield and an interest in spa water treatment, the authors conjecture that Shaw's comparative approach might have roots in Sir John Floyer's 1702 controlled trial of cold-water on athleticism.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09677720251413138","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T05:58:41Z","timestamp":1768802321000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["\u2018This noble method in physic\u2019: Peter Shaw's proposal for a controlled trial of an \u2018antidote\u2019 for rabies (1723)"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6754-2336","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Max","family":"Cooper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brighton and Sussex Medical School"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Sussex County Hospital"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"J Golinski Shaw Peter (1694\u20131763) physician and author. Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. 2004. https:\/\/www.oxforddnb.com\/view\/10.1093\/ref:odnb\/9780198614128.001.0001\/odnb-9780198614128-e-25264 (accessed 26 September 2024)","DOI":"10.1093\/ref:odnb\/25264"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Munk\u2019s Roll. Royal College of Physicians. https:\/\/history.rcp.ac.uk\/inspiring-physicians\/peter-shaw (accessed 11 October 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","unstructured":"Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. English Speaking Students Database. https:\/\/www.rcpe.ac.uk\/heritage\/english-speaking-students-database (accessed 26 January 2025)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","volume-title":"Sylva Sylvarum: Or, a Naturall Historie\u2019 Written by the Right Honourable Francis Lord Verulam Viscount St Alban","author":"Rawley W","year":"1639","unstructured":"Rawley W. Sylva Sylvarum: Or, a Naturall Historie\u2019 Written by the Right Honourable Francis Lord Verulam Viscount St Alban. 5th edition. London: John Haviland, 1639, https:\/\/www.google.co.uk\/books\/edition\/Sylua_Syluarum_Or_a_Naturall_Historie\/vOBO0JfjcisC?hl=en&gbpv (accessed 31 December 2025).","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09677720251382305"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","first-page":"48","volume-title":"An enquiry into the contents, virtues, and uses, of the scarborough. Spaw-waters: with the method of examining any other mineral-water","author":"Shaw P.","year":"1734","unstructured":"Shaw P. An enquiry into the contents, virtues, and uses, of the scarborough. Spaw-waters: with the method of examining any other mineral-water. London; Fletcher Gyles. 1734. 48. https:\/\/wellcomecollection.org\/works\/jsrkch83 (accessed 1 August 2025)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","first-page":"269","volume-title":"A new practice of physic; wherein the various diseases incident to the human body are described, their causes assign'd, their diagnostics and prognostics enumerated, and the regimen proper in each deliver'd\u2009\u2026\u2009with a competent number of medicines for every stage","author":"Shaw P.","year":"1738","unstructured":"Shaw P. A new practice of physic; wherein the various diseases incident to the human body are described, their causes assign'd, their diagnostics and prognostics enumerated, and the regimen proper in each deliver'd\u2009\u2026\u2009with a competent number of medicines for every stage. 5th Edition. London: Thomas Longman. 1738. 269. https:\/\/wellcomecollection.org\/works\/trk2satw (Accessed 1 August 2025)","edition":"5"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09677720241304738"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Shaw P. A treatise of incurable diseases: containing I. An essay on the proper means to reduce the number of incurables. II. An attempt to settle a just notion of incurable in physick. III. A specimen of a rational method to discover the cures of reputed incurable diseases (London 1723). https:\/\/wellcomecollection.org\/works\/wc4mk5s2\/items (accessed 26 September 2024)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","first-page":"2","volume-title":"A new practice of physic; wherein the various diseases incident to the human body are described, their causes assign'd, their diagnostics and prognostics enumerated, and the regimen proper in each deliver'd\u2009\u2026\u2009with a competent number of medicines for every stage (see preface)","author":"Shaw P.","year":"1738","unstructured":"Shaw P. A new practice of physic; wherein the various diseases incident to the human body are described, their causes assign'd, their diagnostics and prognostics enumerated, and the regimen proper in each deliver'd\u2009\u2026\u2009with a competent number of medicines for every stage (see preface). London: Thomas Longman, 1738, 2). https:\/\/wellcomecollection.org\/works\/trk2satw (accessed 11 October 2025)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/9789004306905"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"4","article-title":"Clinical trials and the COVID-19 pandemic","author":"Retsas S","year":"2020","unstructured":"Retsas S. Clinical trials and the COVID-19 pandemic. Hellenic Jf Nucl Med 2020: 4. https:\/\/www.nuclmed.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/03.Commentary-Retsas.pdf. (accessed 7 December 2025).","journal-title":"Hellenic Jf Nucl Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"The James Lind Library. Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh. https:\/\/www.jameslindlibrary.org (accessed 26 September 2024)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","volume-title":"\"To improve the evidence of medicine\". The 18th century British origins of a critical approach","author":"Trohler U","year":"2000","unstructured":"Trohler U. \"To improve the evidence of medicine\". The 18th century British origins of a critical approach. Edinburgh: The Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 2000."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cooper M Cooper S. \u2018Experimentum Crucis\u2019: Hauksbee the Younger\u2019s \u2018decisive experiment\u2019 for comparing the \u2018Safety and Efficacy\u2019 of new medicines (1743). Notes and Records 2025; 79: 7947\u20137958. http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsnr.2024.0033","DOI":"10.1098\/rsnr.2024.0033"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09677720251368681"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","first-page":"248","volume-title":"The horse-hoing husbandry: or, an essay on the principles of tillage and vegetation","author":"I.T. (Jethro Tull)","year":"1732","unstructured":"I.T. (Jethro Tull). The horse-hoing husbandry: or, an essay on the principles of tillage and vegetation. London: G Straban. 1732, 248. https:\/\/www.google.co.uk\/books\/edition\/The_Horse_hoing_Husbandry\/kUATwCkE9AoC?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover (accessed 6 October 2025)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09677720251383856"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"Lind J. A Treatise of the Scurvy in Three parts. Sands Murray and Cochran Edinburgh 1753 https:\/\/www.google.co.uk\/books\/edition\/A_Treatise_of_the_Scurvy_in_Three_Parts\/XSDNWVHqw34C?hl=en&gbpv=1 (accessed 23 January 2025)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","volume-title":"Proposals for a course of chemical experiments: with a view to practical philosophy, arts, trades, and business","author":"Shaw P","year":"1731","unstructured":"Shaw P, Hauksbee F. Proposals for a course of chemical experiments: with a view to practical philosophy, arts, trades, and business. London, 1731. https:\/\/wellcomecollection.org\/works\/kz5cfdkr\/items (accessed 11 October 2023)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","volume-title":"An Essay for Introducing a Portable Laboratory","author":"Shaw P","year":"1731","unstructured":"Shaw P, Hauksbee F. An Essay for Introducing a Portable Laboratory. London: Royal Society. . 1731. https:\/\/makingscience.royalsociety.org\/items\/rbo_16_18\/an-account-of-a-book-entitled-of-the-portable-laboratory-by-peter-shaw-and-francis-hauksbee-by-john-henry-hampe?page=1 (accessed 11 October 2023)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"1","volume-title":"A further account of the effects of mr. Hauksbee's alterative medicine, as applied in the cure of the venereal disease","author":"Hauksbee F","year":"1743","unstructured":"Hauksbee F. A further account of the effects of mr. Hauksbee's alterative medicine, as applied in the cure of the venereal disease. London: J Roberts. 1743: 1. https:\/\/www.google.co.uk\/books\/edition\/A_Further_Account_of_the_effects_of_Mr_H\/22FpAAAAcAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=hauksbee%20experimentum%20crucis%201743&pg=PR24&printsec=frontcover. accessed 6 December 2025."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09677720251392411"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","article-title":"Louis Pasteur and Dom Pedro II engaged in rabies vaccine development","volume":"62","author":"Gomes Mota","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gomes Mota MDA. Louis Pasteur and Dom Pedro II engaged in rabies vaccine development. J Prevent Med Hygiene. 2021; 62: E231\u2013E236.","journal-title":"J Prevent Med Hygiene"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_2","volume-title":"The Philosophical Works of Francis Bacon, Baron of Verulam, Viscount St Albans, and Lord High Chancellor of England; Methodized, and made English, from the Originals, with occassional notes, to explain what is obscure","author":"Shaw P.","year":"1733","unstructured":"Shaw P. The Philosophical Works of Francis Bacon, Baron of Verulam, Viscount St Albans, and Lord High Chancellor of England; Methodized, and made English, from the Originals, with occassional notes, to explain what is obscure. London: JJ and P Knapton. 1733. https:\/\/www.google.co.uk\/books\/edition\/The_Philosophical_Works_of_Francis_Bacon\/KivmipTl9XQC?hl=en&gbpv=1 (accessed 7 December 2025)"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_2","volume-title":"A philosophical and chymical analysis of antimony giving a rational account of the nature, principles, and properties of that celebrated drug, in its various chymical preparations, and particularly, one that is not only an effectual cure for the present distemper among the cattle, but a preservative from their being infected. With directions how to manage them while under cure. And\u2009\u2026\u2009remarks on the modern authors who have treated of antimony","author":"Shaw P.","year":"1747","unstructured":"Shaw P. A philosophical and chymical analysis of antimony giving a rational account of the nature, principles, and properties of that celebrated drug, in its various chymical preparations, and particularly, one that is not only an effectual cure for the present distemper among the cattle, but a preservative from their being infected. With directions how to manage them while under cure. And\u2009\u2026\u2009remarks on the modern authors who have treated of antimony. London: Joseph Davidson. 1747. https:\/\/wellcomecollection.org\/works\/xjeq57df (accessed 11 October 2023)"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medical Biography"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09677720251413138","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09677720251413138","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09677720251413138","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T23:23:59Z","timestamp":1777505039000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09677720251413138"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]]},"references-count":26,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09677720251413138"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09677720251413138","relation":{},"ISSN":["0967-7720","1758-1087"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0967-7720","type":"print"},{"value":"1758-1087","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,18]]},"article-number":"09677720251413138"}}