{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T21:07:21Z","timestamp":1777928841474,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]],"date-time":"1999-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":920246400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Medical Law International"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Reproductive technology has made a huge impact on society, exposing many longstanding, unresolved anomalies in our values and traditions. Access to medically assisted reproduction is particularly controversial, raising medical, legal and ethical issues. The 1980s saw increasing demands across several jurisdictions for clear legal rules, the hope being expressed in Canada that \u201cthe law may reflect the community's level of tolerance; but \u2026 also stretch or fashion it in the interests of a worthy goal\u201d.\n                    <jats:sup>1<\/jats:sup>\n                    The Canadian Law Reform Commission recommended that, with regard to donor insemination, \u201cprotection for the traditional family should not be incorporated in legislation\u201d and that \u201caccess should be limited only in terms of the cost and scarcity of resources\u201d, selection not being based on \u201cfamily status, marital status, sexual orientation and so on\u201d.\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    This paper attempts a comparative examination of UK legislation on reproductive technology in this light, with particular focus on the rationing of access to donor insemination.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/096853329900400102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,18]],"date-time":"2011-10-18T16:54:50Z","timestamp":1318956890000},"page":"23-38","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Access to Donor Insemination: Canadian Ideals \u2014 UK Law and Practice"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Rennie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medico-Legal Centre, Sheffield, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-096853329900400102","author":"Ontario Law Reform Commission","year":"1985","journal-title":"Human Artificial Reproduction and Related Matters"},{"key":"bibr2-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Canadian Law Reform Commission, Medically Assisted Procreation (Working Paper No. 65) (1992), as cited in Kennedy, I. & Grubb, A. (1994),\n                      Medical Law: Text with Materials\n                      , 2nd edn., Butterworths, at pp783\u2013785."},{"issue":"1942","key":"bibr3-096853329900400102","first-page":"36","volume":"143","author":"Warnock M.","year":"1994","journal-title":"New Scientist"},{"key":"bibr4-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Harriet Harman M.P., HC Standing Committee B, 15 May 1990, 1 Official Report 1989\u201390 col 154."},{"key":"bibr5-096853329900400102","first-page":"259","volume-title":"The Ethics of Reproductive Technology","author":"Smith G.P.","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr6-096853329900400102","unstructured":"as was abortion prior to the Abortion Act 1967."},{"key":"bibr7-096853329900400102","first-page":"9","volume-title":"Law Reform and Human Reproduction","author":"Freeman M.D.A.","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr8-096853329900400102","first-page":"631","volume-title":"Infertility: Male and Female","author":"Besley M.A.","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr9-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Report of the Committee of Inquiry into Human Fertilisation and Embryology (Cmnd 9314) (1984)."},{"key":"bibr10-096853329900400102","unstructured":"ibid , para 2.4."},{"key":"bibr11-096853329900400102","unstructured":"ibid."},{"key":"bibr12-096853329900400102","unstructured":"ibid"},{"key":"bibr13-096853329900400102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a136625"},{"key":"bibr14-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Voluntary Licensing Authority."},{"key":"bibr15-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990, s5."},{"key":"bibr16-096853329900400102","volume-title":"Medical Law: Text with Materials","author":"Kennedy I.","year":"1994","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr17-096853329900400102","unstructured":"HFE Act 1990 s3(3)(d)."},{"key":"bibr18-096853329900400102","unstructured":"HFE Act 1990 s3(3)(a)."},{"key":"bibr19-096853329900400102","unstructured":"HFE Act 1990 s4( 1)(a)."},{"key":"bibr20-096853329900400102","unstructured":"HFE Act 1990 s3(1 )(a)."},{"key":"bibr21-096853329900400102","unstructured":"HFE Act 1990 s4( 1)(b)."},{"key":"bibr22-096853329900400102","unstructured":"ibid."},{"key":"bibr23-096853329900400102","unstructured":"artificial: not real, imitation, fake:\n                      The Oxford Dictionary and Thesaurus\n                      , OUP (1995) at p75."},{"key":"bibr24-096853329900400102","unstructured":"HFE Act 1990 s2(1)."},{"key":"bibr25-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Canadian Law Reform Commission, op cit."},{"key":"bibr26-096853329900400102","volume-title":"Price's Textbook of the Practice of Medicine","author":"Scott Sir Ronald Bodley","year":"1973","edition":"11"},{"key":"bibr27-096853329900400102","unstructured":"King James\u2019 Bible\n                      , Luke Ch1 v7."},{"key":"bibr28-096853329900400102","volume-title":"Guide to the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990","author":"Morgan","year":"1991"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr29-096853329900400102","first-page":"53","volume":"46","author":"Douglas G.","year":"1993","journal-title":"CLP"},{"key":"bibr30-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Canadian Law Reform Commission (1992), op cit."},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr31-096853329900400102","first-page":"243","volume":"8","author":"Maclean S.","year":"1996","journal-title":"CFLQ"},{"key":"bibr32-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Warnock Report op cit, para 2.5."},{"key":"bibr33-096853329900400102","unstructured":"op cit."},{"key":"bibr34-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Walker,  (1987), op cit."},{"key":"bibr35-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Davies M. (1996), Medical Law, Blackstone Press, p221."},{"key":"bibr36-096853329900400102","unstructured":"ibid."},{"key":"bibr37-096853329900400102","unstructured":"op cit, para 10.9."},{"key":"bibr38-096853329900400102","unstructured":"White Paper, DHSS, 1987, para 59."},{"key":"bibr39-096853329900400102","unstructured":"R v Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority, ex parte Blood, [1997] 2 FCR 501."},{"key":"bibr40-096853329900400102","unstructured":"the issue of whether this was permissible, not amounting to battery, in terms of the best interests of the incompetent patient appears to have been poorly addressed, and was not before the Court of Appeal. Lord Woolf M.R., obiter dictum, Blood [1997] 2 FCR p509: \u201cIt is, therefore, not necessary to make any comment about [the propriety of the treatment involved in taking the sperm]. But \u2026 it should not be taken as accepting that proper consent was given to that procedure.\u201d See also: Keown, J., Life After Death, Case Comment,\n                      Cambridge Law Journal\n                      [1997] 56 (2) 270."},{"key":"bibr41-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Human Tissue: Ethical and Legal Issues, Nuffield Council on Bioethics (1995), at p70."},{"key":"bibr42-096853329900400102","unstructured":"considering Re B (Minor) (Parentage)\n                      [1996] 3 FCR 697. [1996] 2 FLR 15."},{"key":"bibr43-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Blood\n                      [1997] 2 FCR at p509."},{"key":"bibr44-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Blood\n                      [1997] 2 FCR at p502."},{"key":"bibr45-096853329900400102","unstructured":"this has subsequently been questioned:\n                      vide\n                      Delaney L. (1997), Fathers \u2014 who needs them \u2014 HFEA v Blood, 27\n                      Fam Law\n                      261."},{"key":"bibr46-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Blood\n                      [1997] 2 FCR at p517."},{"key":"bibr47-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Blood\n                      [1997] 2 FCR at p511."},{"key":"bibr48-096853329900400102","unstructured":"August 1991."},{"key":"bibr49-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Blood\n                      [1997] 2 FCR at p510."},{"key":"bibr50-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Douglas G. (1993), op cit, at p63."},{"key":"bibr51-096853329900400102","unstructured":"ibid."},{"key":"bibr52-096853329900400102","first-page":"168","volume-title":"Philosophical Ethics in Reproductive Medicine","author":"Harris J.","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr53-096853329900400102","unstructured":"vide, inter alia, Gledhill R. (1997), Church backs JVF for unmarried couples,\n                      The Times\n                      27 November at p8."},{"key":"bibr54-096853329900400102","unstructured":"HL Debs 515 6 February 1990, col 787."},{"key":"bibr55-096853329900400102","first-page":"95","author":"Latham M.","year":"1998","journal-title":"3 Medical Law International 89"},{"key":"bibr56-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Douglas G. (1993), op cit."},{"key":"bibr57-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Mason J.K., McCall Smith R.A. (1994), Law and Medical Ethics, (4th edn.), Butterworths, p54."},{"key":"bibr58-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Douglas G. (1993), op cit."},{"key":"bibr59-096853329900400102","unstructured":"DHSS 1987."},{"key":"bibr60-096853329900400102","unstructured":"op cit."},{"key":"bibr61-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Douglas G. (1993) op cit, p57."},{"key":"bibr62-096853329900400102","unstructured":"HC Debs 174 21 June 1990, Col 1021."},{"key":"bibr63-096853329900400102","unstructured":"HC Standing Committee B, 15 May 1990, 1\n                      Official Report 1989\u201390\n                      ."},{"key":"bibr64-096853329900400102","first-page":"28","volume":"6","year":"1990","journal-title":"vide HFE Act"},{"key":"bibr65-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Abortion Act 1967, s1(1)(a)."},{"key":"bibr66-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Douglas G. (1993) op cit, p 58."},{"key":"bibr67-096853329900400102","volume-title":"Challenging Conceptions","author":"Saffron L.","year":"1994"},{"key":"bibr68-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Kennedy Grubb, op cit, at p781."},{"key":"bibr69-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Douglas G. (1991), Law, Fertility and Reproduction, Sweet & Maxwell, at p120."},{"key":"bibr70-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Douglas G. (1993), op cit at p69."},{"key":"bibr71-096853329900400102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)48370-6"},{"key":"bibr72-096853329900400102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030857599201600106"},{"key":"bibr73-096853329900400102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a138373"},{"key":"bibr74-096853329900400102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(16)58211-9"},{"key":"bibr75-096853329900400102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a135776"},{"key":"bibr76-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Davies M. op cit p222."},{"key":"bibr77-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Kennedy, Grubb, op cit p782."},{"key":"bibr78-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Douglas G. 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Medicolegal Society"},{"key":"bibr93-096853329900400102","unstructured":"HC Standing Committee B, 15 May 1990, 1 Official Report 1989\u201390, at cols 148 & 156."},{"key":"bibr94-096853329900400102","unstructured":"became s28(l) LGA 1988."},{"key":"bibr95-096853329900400102","unstructured":"X Y & Z v UK, Times Law Reports 23 April 1997."},{"key":"bibr96-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Kennedy, Grubb, op cit, at p786."},{"key":"bibr97-096853329900400102","unstructured":"[1997] 2 FCR 501."},{"key":"bibr98-096853329900400102","unstructured":"ibid, at p514."},{"key":"bibr99-096853329900400102","unstructured":"U v W (Attorney-General Intervening), Times Law Reports 4 March 1997."},{"key":"bibr100-096853329900400102","unstructured":"[1991] ECR I\u20134685."},{"key":"bibr101-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Blood [1997] 2 FCR 501 at p512."},{"key":"bibr102-096853329900400102","unstructured":"Ontario Law Reform Commission, op cit."}],"container-title":["Medical Law International"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/096853329900400102","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/096853329900400102","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T23:22:32Z","timestamp":1777677752000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/096853329900400102"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/096853329900400102"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/096853329900400102","relation":{},"ISSN":["0968-5332","2047-9441"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0968-5332","type":"print"},{"value":"2047-9441","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,3]]}}}