{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T05:39:05Z","timestamp":1792647545753,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779926400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nurs Ethics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Japan has been promoting the use of medical and long-term care robots to reduce the workload of healthcare professionals. In home-visit nursing, where the number of older adults and patients with dementia is increasing, robots may provide benefits, such as supporting infection control and physically demanding care. However, implementing these technologies may also generate new ethical challenges.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To clarify home-visiting nurses\u2019 perceptions and the ethical issues regarding the introduction of medical and caregiving robots into home-visiting nursing field in Japan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A mixed-methods design was employed. A questionnaire survey was distributed to one nurse from each of 1012 home-visit nursing stations in Prefecture A. Descriptive statistics were used for quantitative analysis. To gain deeper insights, interviews were conducted with eight nurses who consented to participate.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethical considerations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study was approved by the institutional review board (Approval No.: 2022N-026). Participation was voluntary, and informed consent was obtained. Data were anonymized to ensure confidentiality.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The questionnaire response rate was 17%. Simple tabulation showed that visiting nurses had positive expectations regarding the introduction of medical care robots but lacked confidence in their specific usefulness and safety. Only \u201cdisinfection of equipment\u201d was identified as a task that could be fully shifted to robots. Twenty-six tasks, including \u201crehabilitation,\u201d \u201cmassage,\u201d \u201cbathing and shower care,\u201d and \u201crelaxation,\u201d were considered shareable between nurses and robots. Fifteen tasks\u2014such as \u201csuctioning,\u201d \u201cenema and fecal disimpaction,\u201d \u201cpostmortem care,\u201d and \u201cexplanations and communication with family\u201d\u2014were regarded as nurse-exclusive. Interview findings suggest that medical and nursing care robots may help reduce workload and supplement care for individuals living alone or requiring intensive support. However, key challenges include device safety and reliability, user and family acceptance, privacy protection, and implementation costs. Ethical consideration and clinical effectiveness must be carefully evaluated after clarifying target users, purpose, and scope of intervention.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09697330261449299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T08:45:52Z","timestamp":1779957952000},"page":"1939-1951","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Nurses\u2019 awareness of ethical issues relating to medical and caregiving robots"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4128-0013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiharu","family":"Ito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Human Environments"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-8500-4952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yoshinori","family":"Tamenaga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Human Environments"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshie","family":"Hara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Human Environments"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emiko","family":"Shinozaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Human Environments"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harumi","family":"Ejiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chubu University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14442\/generalist.44.89"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","volume-title":"2012 survey results on awareness of health issues among the elderly","author":"CAO, Japan","year":"2012","unstructured":"CAO, Japan. 2012 survey results on awareness of health issues among the elderly. https:\/\/www8.cao.go.jp\/kourei\/ishiki\/h24\/sougou\/gaiyo\/ (2012, accessed 28 April 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","volume-title":"Robot policy at the ministry of economy, trade and industry","author":"METI","year":"2019","unstructured":"METI. Robot policy at the ministry of economy, trade and industry. https:\/\/www.techno-aids.or.jp\/robot\/file01\/03shiryo.pdf (2019, accessed 28 April 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","volume-title":"Japan Vision: Health care 2035","author":"MHLW","year":"2015","unstructured":"MHLW. Japan Vision: Health care 2035. https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/seisakunitsuite\/bunya\/hokabunya\/shakaihoshou\/hokeniryou2035\/assets\/file\/healthcare2035_proposal_150609.pdf (2015, accessed 28 April 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00146-015-0625-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","volume-title":"Robots won\u2019t save Japan: an ethnography of eldercare automation","author":"Wright JA","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wright JA. Robots won\u2019t save Japan: an ethnography of eldercare automation. ILR Press, 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","volume-title":"Overseas trends and strategies for the international deployment of robotic care equipment","author":"Japan Economic Research Institute","year":"2020","unstructured":"Japan Economic Research Institute. Overseas trends and strategies for the international deployment of robotic care equipment. https:\/\/www.techno-aids.or.jp\/robot\/file02\/2020-10shiryo.pdf (2020, accessed 12 July 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","first-page":"7","volume-title":"Guidelines and utilization guide for task shift\/sharing to promote the specialization of nursing care","author":"JNA","year":"2022","unstructured":"JNA. Guidelines and utilization guide for task shift\/sharing to promote the specialization of nursing care, 2022, p. 7."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","volume-title":"Report of the study group on task sharing, etc. for reforming the work style of doctors","author":"MHLW","year":"2019","unstructured":"MHLW. Report of the study group on task sharing, etc. for reforming the work style of doctors. https:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/content\/10800000\/000496522.pdf (2019, accessed 28 April 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","unstructured":"MHLW AMED (Consortium for the development and introduction of robot care equipment: standards formulation and evaluation). Guidelines for the Development and Introduction of Robot Care Equipment. https:\/\/robotcare.jp\/data\/outcomes\/2018\/05.pdf (2018 accessed 28 April 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","volume-title":"Report on the survey of the centralization of visiting nursing stations","author":"JNA","year":"2020","unstructured":"JNA. Report on the survey of the centralization of visiting nursing stations. https:\/\/www.nurse.or.jp\/nursing\/home\/publication\/pdf\/report\/2020\/homonkango_st_report.pdf (2020, accessed 28 April 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","unstructured":"JNA. Guide to the utilization of care robots for improving the efficiency of nursing care. https:\/\/www.nurse.or.jp\/nursing\/assets\/korituka-guide.pdf (2024 accessed 28 April 2025)."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09697330221149094"}],"container-title":["Nursing Ethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09697330261449299","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09697330261449299","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09697330261449299","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T04:57:39Z","timestamp":1792645059000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09697330261449299"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09697330261449299"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09697330261449299","relation":{},"ISSN":["0969-7330","1477-0989"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0969-7330","type":"print"},{"value":"1477-0989","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]]}}}