{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:09:26Z","timestamp":1790856566209,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nurs Ethics"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Substituted judgment guides health care decisions for patients who lack decision-making capacity, yet its meaning remains unsettled across legal, clinical, philosophical, and technological literatures. In practice, it is often conflated with best interests, family preference, and clinician judgment, while artificial intelligence preference predictors have renewed debate about what the standard is meant to preserve.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To clarify the concept of substituted judgment in health care decision-making using Rodgers\u2019 evolutionary method of concept analysis.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Research design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An evolutionary concept analysis was conducted to examine the attributes, antecedents, consequences, surrogate and related terms, and disciplinary evolution of substituted judgment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Participants and research context<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A multidisciplinary search across five databases with citation searching yielded 162 sources for analysis. Sixty-seven core analytic sources were extracted in full into a structured matrix with an audit trail.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Ethical considerations<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study analyzed published literature and did not involve human participants; institutional ethics approval was not required.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Findings<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The concept evolved through four eras: legal origins in equity (1816 to 1969), migration into medicine and the courts (1969 to 1990), codification in bioethics and professional ethics (1990 to 2005), and critique and reinterpretation (2006 to present). Eight defining attributes were identified, including decisional incapacity, the moral relevance of prior personhood, distinction from best interests, surrogate interpretive responsibility, and practical and epistemic uncertainty. Consequences included value-concordant care and preserved patient authority, as well as false certainty, surrogate burden, and overreliance on prediction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Substituted judgment is a morally constrained interpretive standard that seeks the decision most faithful to an incapacitated patient\u2019s prior values, commitments, and evaluative outlook under acknowledged uncertainty. Conceptual clarity can help nurses and other clinicians distinguish patient-centered reasoning from adjacent standards and influences.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09697330261487675","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T05:14:56Z","timestamp":1790313296000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Substituted judgment in health care decision-making: An evolutionary concept analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-7529-0174","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claire","family":"McGowan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Nursing, Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Boston, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/0969733002ne538oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3349960"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","volume-title":"Deciding for others: the ethics of surrogate decision making","author":"Buchanan A","year":"1989","unstructured":"Buchanan A, Brock D. 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Substituted judgment doctrine: a critical analysis. Issues Law Med 1985; 1: 131\u2013156.","journal-title":"Issues Law Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/jhu002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23294515.2022.2040643"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2023.2296402"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jme-2024-110343"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jme-2025-110781"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jme-2025-110814"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15265161.2025.2554792"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0969733016638145"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/730875"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Concept Development in Nursing: Foundations, Techniques, Applications","author":"Rodgers BL","year":"2000","unstructured":"Rodgers BL. 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