{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T13:24:35Z","timestamp":1790861075858,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748649600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748649600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurosciences"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Migraine pathophysiology involves the release of vasoactive neuropeptides following trigeminovascular system activation. While calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-38 (PACAP-38) have been individually studied in migraine, their combined role in differentiating migraine subtypes remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The aim of this study was to evaluate serum levels of CGRP, VIP and PACAP-38 in patients with migraine with aura (MA) and without aura (MO) compared to healthy controls (HC), and assess their potential as diagnostic biomarkers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This case\u2013control study included 296 participants (266 females, 30 males) divided into three groups: MA (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 101), MO (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 98) and HC (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 97). Serum neuropeptide levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) under standardised conditions. Clinical characteristics were assessed using attack frequency and Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6) scores.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All three neuropeptides were significantly elevated in migraine patients compared to controls (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; .001). CGRP levels were highest in MA (45.6 \u00b1 8.2 pg\/mL), followed by MO (38.4 \u00b1 7.8 pg\/mL) and HC (28.3 \u00b1 6.4 pg\/mL). Similar patterns were observed for VIP (MA: 186.4 \u00b1 24.6, MO: 165.8 \u00b1 22.4, HC: 142.3 \u00b1 20.8 pg\/mL) and PACAP-38 (MA: 248.6 \u00b1 32.4, MO: 228.5 \u00b1 30.6, HC: 195.4 \u00b1 28.2 pg\/mL). MA patients showed marginally higher attack frequency (4.8 \u00b1 2.3 vs. 4.2 \u00b1 2.1 per month,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .06) and HIT-6 scores (64.8 \u00b1 6.2 vs 62.4 \u00b1 5.8,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = .08) compared to MO patients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The significant elevation of all three neuropeptides, particularly in MA patients, suggests their potential utility as biomarkers for migraine diagnosis and subtype differentiation. These findings support the neurogenic inflammation hypothesis in migraine pathophysiology and may have implications for targeted therapeutic approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09727531251340156","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]],"date-time":"2025-05-31T06:36:42Z","timestamp":1748673402000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Comparative Analysis of CGRP, VIP and \u2028PACAP-38 Levels in Migraine with and \u2028Without Aura: A Case\u2013control Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"N.","family":"Sreevani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Research and Development, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Ramesh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, TRR Institute of Medical Sciences, Patancheru, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5377-7847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"K.","family":"Maheshkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Govt. Yoga and Naturopathy Medical College and Hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0905-617X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.","family":"Thanalakshmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","volume":"14","author":"Gupta VK.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gupta VK. Pathophysiology of migraine: An increasingly complex narrative to 2020. Future Neurol. 2019; 14(2): FNL13. doi: 10.2217\/fnl-2019-0003","journal-title":"Pathophysiology of migraine: An increasingly complex narrative to 2020. Future Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0271678X17733655"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clineuro.2022.107136"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-020-04643-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2023.108523"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpsc.2022.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-020-01834-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12222649"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.770980","article-title":"Evaluation of serum levels of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in chronic and episodic migraine: The possible role in migraine transformation","volume":"12","author":"Togha M","year":"2021","unstructured":"Togha M, , Ghorbani Z, , Ramazi S . Evaluation of serum levels of transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in chronic and episodic migraine: The possible role in migraine transformation. Front Neurol 2021; 12: 770980.","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241511993"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01371-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms241512268"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21857\/y6zolb6rjm"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/2954374"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-024-01804-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(18)30085-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rezaee M Ashja zadeh N Izedi S . Comparative evaluation of serum calcitonin gene related peptide level in patients with migraine headache with and without aura. 2021; PREPRINT (Version 1) . Research Square. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21203\/rs.3.rs-201874\/v1","DOI":"10.21203\/rs.3.rs-201874\/v1"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00059.2021"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10010076"}],"container-title":["Annals of Neurosciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09727531251340156","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09727531251340156","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09727531251340156","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T10:59:59Z","timestamp":1777373999000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09727531251340156"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"references-count":19,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09727531251340156"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09727531251340156","relation":{},"ISSN":["0972-7531","0976-3260"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0972-7531","type":"print"},{"value":"0976-3260","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,31]]},"article-number":"09727531251340156"}}