{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:32:32Z","timestamp":1777415552556,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759622400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]],"date-time":"2025-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759622400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurosciences"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Thyroid hormones tend to regulate the metabolic rate of the body. The autonomic nervous system (ANS) is involved in the regulation of cardiovascular functions, and its dysfunction increases cardiovascular risk. About 65% of overt hypothyroid patients have autonomic dysfunction, which is due to sympathetic overactivity and parasympathetic withdrawal leading to a state of sympathovagal imbalance. Also, hypothyroidism is stated to be an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n Yoga practice helps in better modulation of the ANS and has been shown to improve autonomic function in diabetes and heart failure patients. Pranayama has been shown to improve cardiac autonomic function in hypothyroidism. Therefore, we aimed to assess the effect of three months of yoga therapy on autonomic functions in female hypothyroid patients on levothyroxine supplementation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n \n In this randomised open-label study, 99 hypothyroid women between the age groups of 18\u201350 years were recruited from the Endocrinology OPD in JIPMER and were randomly allocated to two groups. The study group subjects (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 51) were administered three months of yoga therapy in addition to levothyroxine supplementation and a control group subjects (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 48) received levothyroxine supplementation only. Autonomic function test parameters such as heart rate variability (HRV) and baroreflex sensitivity (BRS) were recorded at the baseline and after three months of study period in all the participants, and the parameters were compared between the groups and within the groups. HRV was measured from RR tachogram using Biopac MP150 and BRS was assessed using Finapres.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n After three months of yoga therapy in female hypothyroid patients on levothyroxine supplementation, HRV parameters showed a significant increase in parasympathetic tone (SDNN:\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .002, RMSSD:\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .021, NN50:\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < .001, pNN50:\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < .001, TP:\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .001, HF:\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < .001, HFnu:\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .002) along with a decline in resting sympathetic activity (LF:\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .002, LFnu:\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < .001, LF:HF ratio:\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .022) and a significant improvement in BRS (\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < .001). Additionally, cardiovascular parameters also showed improvement in the yoga group (SBP:\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < .001, DBP:\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .010, PP:\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < .001, MAP:\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < .001, RPP:\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < .001) compared to the control group.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Three months of yoga practice in female hypothyroid patients in addition to routine levothyroxine therapy, it is effective in enhancing cardiac autonomic function with a shift towards parasympathetic predominance, and significant improvements in cardiovascular parameters. Yoga therapy may be suggested for hypothyroid patients to improve their cardiovascular health.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09727531251366084","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,6]],"date-time":"2025-10-06T06:16:10Z","timestamp":1759731370000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of 12 Weeks Yoga Therapy on Heart \u2028Rate Variability and Baroreflex Sensitivity \u2028in Female Hypothyroid Patients: \u2028A Randomised Control Trial"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4534-7908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jayabal","family":"Karthiga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, JIPMER, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4061-0241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pravati","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, JIPMER, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jayaprakash","family":"Sahoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, JIPMER, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nivedita","family":"Nanda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, JIPMER, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natarajan","family":"Kavitha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, JIPMER, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gopal Krushna","family":"Pal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, JIPMER, Puducherry, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-019-01080-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2001.280.5.H2061"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","first-page":"243","article-title":"Sympathovagal imbalance in thyroid dysfunctions in females: Correlation with thyroid profile, heart rate and blood pressure","volume":"53","author":"Karthik S","year":"2009","unstructured":"Karthik S, , Pal GK, , Nanda N, . Sympathovagal imbalance in thyroid dysfunctions in females: Correlation with thyroid profile, heart rate and blood pressure. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2009; 53(3): 243\u2013252.","journal-title":"Indian J Physiol Pharmacol"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.71.1.3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrcardio.2013.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1542-474X.2011.00461.x"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Effect of yoga therapy on heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac autonomic function in heart failure","volume":"8","author":"Krishna BH","year":"2014","unstructured":"Krishna BH, , Pal P, , G K P, . Effect of yoga therapy on heart rate, blood pressure and cardiac autonomic function in heart failure. J Clin Diagn Res 2014; 8(1): 14\u201316.","journal-title":"J Clin Diagn Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","first-page":"433","article-title":"Effects of yoga in patients with chronic heart failure: A meta-analysis","volume":"103","author":"Gomes-Neto M","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gomes-Neto M, , Rodrigues-Jr ES, , Silva-Jr WM, . Effects of yoga in patients with chronic heart failure: A meta-analysis. Arq Bras Cardiol 2014;103(5):433\u2013439.","journal-title":"Arq Bras Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","first-page":"502","article-title":"Effect of yoga on thyroid function tests and biochemical parameters in patients suffering from hypothyroidism","volume":"4","author":"Ranjna C","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ranjna C, , Rukamani N, , Somnath M, . Effect of yoga on thyroid function tests and biochemical parameters in patients suffering from hypothyroidism. 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