{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:32:51Z","timestamp":1777415571760,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1758758400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurosciences"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Acute heart rate variability (HRV) is used for assessment of functional autonomic profile in awake resting state in humans subjects. Evaluation of 24-h variations in the sympatho-vagal balance across sleep stages through HRV are valuable to understand the basis of various lifestyles diseases, however, such studies are uncommon.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The present study modelled the sleep-wake associated cardiac autonomic changes in freely moving female Wistar rats across light and dark phase using HRV as a tool.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Sleep states (non-rapid eye movement [NREM] and rapid eye movement [REM] sleep) were estimated through electroencephalogram (EEG) and electromyogram (EMG), while the ECG signal was acquired simultaneously for HRV analysis. To understand circadian dynamics, HRV was analysed for noise-free distinct and transitional state segments of sleep\u2013wakefulness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In time domain parameters, RR intervals during NREM sleep were longer in comparison to wake and REM sleep. In the frequency domain, reductions in LF and an increase in HF power during NREM sleep were evident compared to other states. RR interval during wakefulness in the dark phase was significantly decreased compared to the light phase. The RR interval was the longest during the early phase of the light period (6\u201310\n                      <jats:sc>am<\/jats:sc>\n                      ) in all three states.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Parasympathetic predominance during NREM sleep was similar to a human having a monophasic pattern, while a higher sympathetic tone during the majority of transitional states in rats, which are polyphasic in nature, indicated risk of dysregulated sympatho-vagal balance with fragmented sleep. Further, the highest parasympathetic activity during the early light phase and the highest sympathetic drive during the dark phase may serve as an adaptive mechanism for survival in nocturnal life.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09727531251371350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]],"date-time":"2025-09-25T10:48:10Z","timestamp":1758797290000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Assessment of Sleep-wake State-associated Dynamic Changes in Heart Rate Variability in Female Rat: Autonomic System Modelling Approaches for Studying Behavioural Dysregulation"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Arshajyothirmayi","family":"VA","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep Research, Department of Applied Biology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Narayanan","family":"Namboodiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2253-2644","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kamalesh K.","family":"Gulia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Sleep Research, Department of Applied Biology, Biomedical Technology Wing, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Trivandrum, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_8_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-97-0048-6_12"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2697"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13121680"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3934\/Neuroscience.2016.1.67"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijdevneu.2018.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.12564"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10738584231176233"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.11.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2024.105793"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-012-9424-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10286-020-00667-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyg.12319"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/physiologyonline.1990.5.1.32"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2006.10.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bioengineering11101045"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_18_2","first-page":"1221","volume-title":"Sleep disorders medicine: Basic science, technical considerations and clinical aspects","author":"Gulia KK","unstructured":"Gulia KK, , Radhakrishnan A, and Kumar VM. Approach to sleep disorders in the traditional school of Indian medicine: Alternative Medicine II. In: Chokroverty S (ed) Sleep disorders medicine: Basic science, technical considerations and clinical aspects. New York, NY: Springer, pp.1221\u20131231."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41782-020-00087-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_20_2","first-page":"165","volume-title":"Sleep and clocks in aging and longevity","author":"Gulia KK","unstructured":"Gulia KK, and Kumar VM. Role of sleep in imprinting healthy aging. In: Jagota A (ed) Sleep and clocks in aging and longevity. Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp.165\u2013174."},{"key":"e_1_3_8_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jsr.13135"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1985.249.4.H867"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1981.12184"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03091900701781317"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2017.00258"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.93.5.1043"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5665\/sleep.3230"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00702.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1087-0792(98)90001-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphys.2012.00045"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg216"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2008.07.056"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_33_2","first-page":"3576","article-title":"Time-varying analysis of the heart rate variability during REM and non REM sleep stages","author":"Mendez M","year":"2006","unstructured":"Mendez M, , Bianchi AM, , Villantieri O . Time-varying analysis of the heart rate variability during REM and non REM sleep stages. In: 2006 International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, pp.3576\u20133579.","journal-title":"International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00338-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2005.05.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_36_2","first-page":"31","article-title":"Study of sleep-wakefulness associated changes in heart rate variability in adult female rat to model the sleep-cardiac autonomic functional dynamics","volume":"2025","author":"Arshajyothirmayi VA","unstructured":"Arshajyothirmayi VA, and Gulia KK. Study of sleep-wakefulness associated changes in heart rate variability in adult female rat to model the sleep-cardiac autonomic functional dynamics. Sleep Biol Rhythms 2025; 31. DOI: 10.1007\/s41105-024-\u202800562-9.","journal-title":"Sleep Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-1410"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2008.08.032"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_39_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Sex differences in heart rate and heart rate variability in rats: Implications for translational research","volume":"2023","author":"Carnevali L","unstructured":"Carnevali L, , Barbetti M, , Statello R . Sex differences in heart rate and heart rate variability in rats: Implications for translational research. Front Physiol 2023; 14. DOI: 10.3389\/fphys.2023.1170320.","journal-title":"Front Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199810000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-006-0119-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02140.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1838(90)90132-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0736(05)80272-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1991.261.4.H1292"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-2607(99)00017-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1681.2002.03690.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2010.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_49_2","first-page":"785","article-title":"Time-domain and spectral analysis of heart rate variability in rats challenged with hypoxia","author":"Zaj\u0105czkowski S","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zaj\u0105czkowski S, , Smoli\u0144ska M, , Badtke P . Time-domain and spectral analysis of heart rate variability in rats challenged with hypoxia. In Computing in Cardiology 2014, pp.785\u2013788.","journal-title":"Computing in Cardiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2009.02.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00418.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1681.2009.05327.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_53_2","first-page":"52","article-title":"Exercise training improves cardiovascular autonomic activity and attenuates renal damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats","volume":"12","author":"Neto OB","year":"2013","unstructured":"Neto OB, , Abate DTRS, , J\u00fanior MM . Exercise training improves cardiovascular autonomic activity and attenuates renal damage in spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Sports Sci Med 2013; 12: 52\u201359.","journal-title":"J Sports Sci Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-021-01885-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2006.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2009.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/31.3.311"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2025.103275"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300146"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(82)90135-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0031-9384(94)90060-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2869.1993.tb00067.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-884X(96)96070-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.91.7.1918"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.1994.266.2.H548"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1984.tb02935.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(01)00272-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_68_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8070107"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00402"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00306.2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_71_2","first-page":"11","article-title":"Exploring sleep heart rate variability: Linear, nonlinear, and circadian rhythm perspectives","author":"Hasegawa M","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hasegawa M, , Sasaki M, , Umemoto Y . Exploring sleep heart rate variability: Linear, nonlinear, and circadian rhythm perspectives. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11. Epub ahead of print 11 April 2024. DOI: 10.3389\/fvets.2024.1386425.","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730412461247"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199103000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrthm.2018.08.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-0736(99)90095-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s41782-022-00221-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_8_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5664\/jcsm.10434"}],"container-title":["Annals of Neurosciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09727531251371350","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09727531251371350","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09727531251371350","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:00:10Z","timestamp":1777374010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09727531251371350"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"references-count":76,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09727531251371350"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09727531251371350","relation":{},"ISSN":["0972-7531","0976-3260"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0972-7531","type":"print"},{"value":"0976-3260","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,25]]},"article-number":"09727531251371350"}}