{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T22:34:01Z","timestamp":1777415641082,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":116,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776643200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurosciences"],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Axonal damage results in permanent cognitive and physical disability during the early as well as progressive stages of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the mechanism of axonal damage may vary during different stages of MS. The extent and severity of the disease can be estimated by various clinical tests and imaging. However, these measures lack sensitivity and accuracy for understanding subclinical disease activity. Therefore, there is a need for a promising biomarker that can reflect on clinical and subclinical disease activities and have additional diagnostic applications, such as studying MS pathology, disease severity, and rate of relapse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Summary<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neurofilaments (NFs) are released into the extracellular fluid following axonal insult, and hence, measuring them can help understand the severity of neuro-axonal damage, particularly during early stages of the disease. It can, therefore, serve as a promising biomarker in MS.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Key Message<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This review discusses NFs\u2019 biology and its correlation with disease activity, which may have clinical applicability in the diagnosis and prognosis of MS. Furthermore, their levels in response to treatment are also discussed, which can assist in the development of therapeutic strategies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09727531261421804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T07:23:03Z","timestamp":1776669783000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neurofilaments: A Promising Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker in Multiple Sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9430-9161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Deepali","family":"Mathur","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Deepali Mathur and Shivangi Vikas Mishra are equivalent first authors."},{"name":"Neuro Care Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shivangi Vikas","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Deepali Mathur and Shivangi Vikas Mishra are equivalent first authors."},{"name":"IMS and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soumyashree","family":"Rout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IMS and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ramesh","family":"Kandimalla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Kakatiya Medical College, Warangal, Telangana, India"},{"name":"Department of Applied Biology, Indian Institute of Chemical Technology (CSIR-IICT), Hyderabad, Telangana, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco Jos\u00e9","family":"L\u00f3pez-Iranzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of Requena, Generalitat Valenciana, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8367-653X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerardo","family":"L\u00f3pez-Rodas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Valencia, and Institute for Health Research INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-2618-8598","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohin","family":"Vinayak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Government Multi-Speciality Hospital, Chandigarh, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bonaventura","family":"Casanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Unitat de Neuroimmunologia, Hospital Universitari i Polit\u00e8cnic La Fe, Universitat de Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bikash Kumar","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuro Care Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines7010014"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.653101"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0035-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8080825"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40478-014-0097-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg038"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.2243011260"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09964-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000010346"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519871818"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/revneuro-2020-0145"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09917-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a018309"},{"issue":"8","key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","first-page":"620","article-title":"Neurofilament proteins in axonal regeneration and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"7","author":"Wang H","year":"2012","unstructured":"Wang H, , Wu M, , Zhan C, . 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