{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T20:21:56Z","timestamp":1783110116843,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782691200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Annals of Neurosciences"],"abstract":"\n Background<\/jats:title>\n Vaccination against COVID-19 infection became mandatory because of the field situation during the pandemic.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Purpose<\/jats:title>\n Vaccine efficacy and safety need many field years of study; time constraints due to the pandemic limited the same. A hospital-based study was done in South India among patients who presented with immune-mediated disorders in temporal correlation with COVID-19 vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods<\/jats:title>\n The study period was 20 months, from March 2020 to November 2021. There were a total of 3,235 patients with neurological issues seen in two tertiary institutions, catering predominantly to patients from lower socio-economic strata in South India. A total of 1,007 (31.12%) patients had\u00a0received COVID-19 vaccination (single dose in 511 [50.7%] and both doses in 496 [49.3%]). The general prevalence of primary demyelinating disease was compared with the background of vaccine-induced demyelination. Chi-square test was utilised for determining the association between neurological sequelae and the type of vaccine administered.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results<\/jats:title>\n \n Eighteen patients had neurological sequelae, and 16 had a monophasic pattern. Recurrent autoimmunity was seen in two patients who took the Sputnik vaccine. Comparing the prevalence of primary multiple sclerosis (MS) versus vaccine-induced demyelination, there was a statistically significant difference (\n \u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = 572.38;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n < .001), which indicates a definite role of vaccination in these patients. The association between neurological manifestations of Covishield and Covaxin showed no statistically significant difference in neurological sequelae (\n \u03c7<\/jats:italic>\n 2<\/jats:sup>\n = 0.0466;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = .8). The Sputnik vaccine was not considered, as the number was less than five. Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated recurrent optic neuritis was seen in one patient, and tongue atrophy, pyramidal signs, ulcerative colitis and arthritis after 3 months, and C-ANCA positivity were seen following the Sputnik vaccine in one patient.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n Vaccination is an effective public health intervention. However, in susceptible individuals, it can probably trigger a recurrent and multisystem event by immune dysregulation. The association is an observation-based postulate that needs a longer, larger follow-up. As per this study, it is non-fatal and remits permanently.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/09727531261434290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T11:14:23Z","timestamp":1782731663000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["COVID-19 Vaccine-triggered Relapsing Immune Dysregulation: An Observational Study with Four-year Follow-up"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3789-5082","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. S. Vidhya","family":"Annapoorni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"SAT Hospital Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6756-9475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. R.","family":"Chandra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"S. K. Hospital, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3148-3466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas Gregor","family":"Isaac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Brain Research (CBR), Indian Institute of Science (IISc), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_9_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chakraborty C Bhattacharya M and Dhama K. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines vaccine development technologies and significant efforts in vaccine development during the pandemic: the lessons learned might help to fight against the next pandemic. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11(3): 682. https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC10054865\/","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines11030682"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez Y Rojas M Beltr\u00e1n S . Autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditions after COVID-19 vaccination. New case reports and updated literature review. J Autoimmun 2022; 132: 102898. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/36041291\/","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2022.102898"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_4_2","unstructured":"Voysey M Clemens SAC Madhi SA . Safety and efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine (AZD1222) against SARS-CoV-2: an interim analysis of four randomised controlled trials in Brazil South Africa and the UK. Lancet 2021; 397(10269): 99\u2013111. https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC7723445\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liakou AI Tsantes AG Routsi E . Could vaccination against COVID-19 trigger immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. J Clin Med 2024; 13(16): 4617. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/39200759\/","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13164617"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wack S Patton T and Ferris LK. COVID-19 vaccine safety and efficacy in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory disease: review of available evidence. J Am Acad Dermatol 2021; 85(5): 1274\u20131284. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/34363909\/","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2021.07.054"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.23937"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rahier JF Moutschen M van Gompel A . Vaccinations in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2010; 49(10): 1815. https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC2936949\/","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keq183"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garcill\u00e1n B Salavert M Regueiro JR . Response to vaccines in patients with immune-mediated inflammatory diseases: a narrative review. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10(2): 297. https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC8877652\/","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10020297"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alghamdi A Hussain SD Wani K . Altered circulating cytokine profile among mRNA-vaccinated young adults: a year-long follow-up study. Immun Inflamm Dis 2025; 13(4): e70194. https:\/\/pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/articles\/PMC11980434\/","DOI":"10.1002\/iid3.70194"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Walton C King R Rechtman L . Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: insights from the Atlas of MS third edition. Mult Scler 2020; 26(14): 1816\u20131821. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/33174475\/","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fitzpatrick T Yamoah P Summerby-Murray D . Neurological adverse events following COVID-19 vaccination among Canadians referred to the special immunization clinic network. Vaccine 2025; 59: 127254. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/40398329\/","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2025.127254"},{"key":"e_1_3_9_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Koh JS Hoe RHM Chen GJ . Low incidence of neurological recurrent side-effects following COVID-19 reimmunization. QJM 2023; 116(3): 221\u2013226. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/36355458\/","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcac251"}],"container-title":["Annals of Neurosciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09727531261434290","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/09727531261434290","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/09727531261434290","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T19:46:23Z","timestamp":1783107983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/09727531261434290"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"references-count":12,"alternative-id":["10.1177\/09727531261434290"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/09727531261434290","relation":{},"ISSN":["0972-7531","0976-3260"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0972-7531","type":"print"},{"value":"0976-3260","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]]},"article-number":"09727531261434290"}}