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G(M)-CSF synthesized by brain due to damage by a growing tumor and by the tumor itself stimulates bone marrow to shift hematopoiesis toward granulocytic lineages away from lymphocytic lineages. This shift is immunosuppressive and generates the relative lymphopenia characteristic of glioblastoma. Any trauma to brain\u2014be it blunt, sharp, ischemic, infectious, cytotoxic, tumor encroachment, or radiation\u2014increases brain synthesis of G(M)-CSF. G(M)-CSF are growth and motility enhancing factors for glioblastomas. High levels of G(M)-CSF contribute to the characteristic neutrophilia and lymphopenia of glioblastoma. Hematopoietic bone marrow becomes entrained with, directed by, and contributes to glioblastoma pathology. The antibiotic dapsone, the lipid-lowering agent fenofibrate, and the antiviral drug ribavirin are Food and Drug Administration\u2013 and European Medicines Agency\u2013approved medicines that have potential to lower synthesis or effects of G(M)-CSF and thus deprive a glioblastoma of some of the growth promoting contributions of bone marrow and G(M)-CSF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1010428317699797","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,5,1]],"date-time":"2017-05-01T08:28:12Z","timestamp":1493627292000},"page":"101042831769979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Glioblastoma-synthesized G-CSF and GM-CSF contribute to growth and immunosuppression: Potential therapeutic benefit from dapsone, fenofibrate, and ribavirin"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"39","author":[{"given":"Richard E","family":"Kast","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IIAIGC Study Center, Burlington, VT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Quentin A","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology, St James\u2019s University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Didier","family":"Wion","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"INSERM U1205, Centre de Recherche Biom\u00e9dicale Edmond J. 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