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Methods: This study assesses genetic and environmental contributions to cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and psychological variables (depression, anxiety, aggression, hostility) among 602 pairs of adolescent twins, 11 to 19 years old, in Qingdao, China. Results: Heritable influences were more pronounced for alcohol use than cigarette smoking. In univariate analyses, no heritable effects were found for depression or aggression, and modest heritability was found for anxiety. Hostility was relatively more heritable in girls than boys. Bivariate associations between substance use and psychological measures could be attributed to a combination of common genetic and environmental factors. Conclusions: Among Chinese adolescents, experimentation with tobacco is familial, and experimentation with alcohol is heritable. The genetic and environmental architecture of hostility differs by gender. Consistency of univariate results with Western adolescent samples appears limited to the alcohol use measures.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539509351052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,18]],"date-time":"2011-07-18T01:09:59Z","timestamp":1310951399000},"page":"568-580","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Heritability of Smoking, Alcohol Use, and Psychological Characteristics Among Adolescent Twins in Qingdao, China"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jennifer B.","family":"Unger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Claremont Graduate University, San Dimas, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina N.","family":"Lessov-Schlaggar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, Missouri, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zengchang","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Qingdao Municipal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Claremont Graduate University, San Dimas, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peggy","family":"Gallaher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Claremont Graduate University, San Dimas, California, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liming","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weihua","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Conti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. 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