{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T02:29:24Z","timestamp":1777429764097,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]],"date-time":"2010-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1273449600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Asia Pac J Public Health"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background and objectives: The study objective was to enhance understanding of female sex workers\u2019 lives in Nagaland, India (one of the country\u2019s highest HIV prevalence states), to inform the development of interventions to reduce HIV transmission and assist women who want to leave sex work. Methods: A cross-sectional survey (n = 220) and semi-structured interviews (n = 30) were conducted with sex workers. Topics included the following: life situation currently and at time of initial engagement in sex work, circumstances of first sex work occasion, and current patterns of sex work. Results: Participants\u2019 lives at time of entry into sex work were socio-culturally and economically vulnerable as evidenced by the early age of sexual debut, low levels of education, unemployment, absence of protective male partners, and poor relationships with families. Participants experienced high levels of mobility, insecure accommodation, the need to financially support family, and the demand to give a portion of their income to others. The use of alcohol and other drugs, including heroin, was widespread. Discussion and conclusions: For these women, sex work can be seen as a pragmatic option for earning sufficient income to live. The women\u2019s lives would be improved by strategies to promote their health, ensure their safety, and protect their rights as long as they are engaging in sex work. This is likely to benefit not only the sex workers but also their children, their families, and the wider community. The development of alternative employment opportunities is vital to protect against entry into sex work and to support women who want to exit sex work.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539509355190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,5]],"date-time":"2011-12-05T01:27:22Z","timestamp":1323048442000},"page":"843-851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Life Circumstances of Women Entering Sex Work in Nagaland, India"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Kathryn J.","family":"Bowen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian National University, Canberra, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernice","family":"Dzuvichu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"YARD, Kohima, Nagaland, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Rungsung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emmanuel Hospitals Association, Project ORCHID, Dimapur, Nagaland, India"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra E.","family":"Devine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Hocking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michelle","family":"Kermode","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Melbourne, Carlton, Victoria, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-1010539509355190","unstructured":"National AIDS Control Organization. Notes of HIV Sentinel Surveillance and HIV Estimation, 01 Feb 08. 2008. http:\/\/www.nacoonline.org\/Quick_Links\/HIV_Data\/. Accessed June 18 June 2008."},{"key":"bibr2-1010539509355190","volume-title":"National Interim Summary Report\u2014India (October 2007), Integrated Behavioral and Biological Assessment (IBBA), Round 1 (2005-2007)","author":"Indian Council of Medical Research &amp; Family Health International","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr3-1010539509355190","volume-title":"Rapid Situation Assessment on HIV\/AIDS and Trafficking of Women and Children in Manipur 2007","author":"Singh MP","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr4-1010539509355190","volume-title":"Sex Workers of India: Diversity in Practice of Prostitution and Ways of Life","author":"Nag M","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr5-1010539509355190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2003.11.032"},{"key":"bibr6-1010539509355190","unstructured":"National AIDS Control Organization. HIV Fact Sheets, Based on HIV Sentinel Surveillance, Data in India 2003 to 2006.2007. http:\/\/www.nacoonline.org\/upload\/NACO%20PDF\/HIV_Fact_Sheets_2006.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2008."},{"key":"bibr7-1010539509355190","unstructured":"Centre for Harm Reduction. Female Drug Use, Sex Work and the Need for Harm Reduction. Fact Sheet. Centre for Harm Reduction, Burnet Institute, http:\/\/www.burnet.edu.au\/freestyler\/gui\/files\/Female%20drug%20use.pdf. Accessed June 18, 2008."},{"key":"bibr8-1010539509355190","first-page":"30","volume":"4","author":"Tanguay P","year":"2006","journal-title":"Insight"},{"key":"bibr9-1010539509355190","first-page":"209","volume":"14","author":"Panda S","year":"2001","journal-title":"Natl Med J India"},{"key":"bibr10-1010539509355190","volume-title":"Women, Harm Reduction, and HIV","author":"Pinkham S","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr11-1010539509355190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1472-698X-6-5"},{"key":"bibr12-1010539509355190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1759-5436.2004.tb00162.x"},{"key":"bibr13-1010539509355190","volume-title":"Integrated Behavioral and Biological Assessment (IBBA) Nagaland: Dimapur (FSWs), Descriptive Tables (January 2007)","author":"Integrated Behavioral and Biological Assessment Data Management Group","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr14-1010539509355190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539508322485"},{"key":"bibr15-1010539509355190","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1010539507311328"}],"container-title":["Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1010539509355190","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/1010539509355190","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/1010539509355190","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:39:47Z","timestamp":1777376387000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/1010539509355190"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]},"references-count":15,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/1010539509355190"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1010539509355190","relation":{},"ISSN":["1010-5395","1941-2479"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1010-5395","type":"print"},{"value":"1941-2479","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,10]]}}}